Shulchan Aruch, Even HaEzer Siman 146

Siman 146

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א הַמְגָרֵשׁ אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ לְאַחַר זְמַן קָבוּעַ, הֲרֵי זוֹ מְגֹרֶשֶׁת כְּשֶׁיַּגִּיעַ הַזְּמַן שֶׁקָּבַע. וַהֲרֵי זֶה דּוֹמֶה לִתְנַאי, וְאֵינוֹ תְּנַאי. דּוֹמֶה לִתְנַאי, שֶׁהִיא מִתְגָּרֶשֶׁת כְּשֶׁיַּגִּיעַ הַזְּמַן שֶׁקָּבַע; וְאֵינוֹ תְּנַאי, שֶׁהַמְגָרֵשׁ עַל תְּנַאי הֲרֵי גֵּרַשׁ, וְזֶה עֲדַיִן לֹא גֵּרַשׁ עַד שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ אוֹתוֹ זְמַן. לְפִיכָךְ, הַמְגָרֵשׁ עַל תְּנַאי צָרִיךְ לִכְפֹּל תְּנָאוֹ, וְזֶה אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לִכְפֹּל דְּבָרָיו וְלֹא לִשְׁאָר מִשְׁפְּטֵי הַתְּנָאִים. כֵּיצַד, הָאוֹמֵר לְאִשְׁתּוֹ: הֲרֵי זֶה גִּטֵּךְ וְלֹא תִּתְגָּרְשִׁי בּוֹ אֶלָּא לְאַחַר שְׁלשִׁים יוֹם, אֵינָהּ מְגֹרֶשֶׁת אֶלָּא לְאַחַר שְׁלשִׁים יוֹם. וְאִם מֵת הַבַּעַל אוֹ אָבַד הַגֵּט אוֹ נִשְׂרַף בְּתוֹךְ שְׁלשִׁים יוֹם, אֵינָהּ מְגֹרֶשֶׁת:

1 One who divorces his wife after a fixed time, behold she is divorced when the set time arrives. And behold this is like a condition, but it is not a condition. It is like a condition, in that she is divorced when the set time arrives; and it is not a condition, for one who divorces on a condition behold he has divorced, and this man has not divorced until that time comes. Therefore, one who divorces on a condition must state his condition twice, and this one does not have to say his words twice or [adhere to] the other laws of conditions. How so? One who says to his wife: Behold this is your get but you are not divorced with it until after thirty days, she is not divorced until thirty days pass. And if the husband died or lost the get or if it was burned within the thirty days, she is not divorced.

ב הָלְכָה וְהִנִּיחַתּוּ בְּצִדֵּי רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, וְנִגְנַב אוֹ אָבַד לְאַחַר שְׁלשִׁים יוֹם, הֲרֵי זוֹ מְגֹרֶשֶׁת, הוֹאִיל וְהָיָה הַגֵּט קַיָּם בַּיּוֹם שֶׁמִּתְגָּרֶשֶׁת בּוֹ, וְיִחֲדָה אוֹתוֹ בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵינוֹ רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, שֶׁצִּדֵּי רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים אֵינָם כִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים. וְכֵן אִם תָּלָה הַגֵּרוּשִׁין בְּמַעֲשֶׂה, דִּינוֹ כְּדִין מְגָרֵשׁ אַחַר זְמַן. כֵּיצַד, כְּגוֹן שֶׁאָמַר לָאִשָּׁה: הֲרֵי זֶה גִּטֵּךְ וְלֹא תִּתְגָּרְשִׁי בּוֹ עַד שֶׁתִּתְּנִי לִי מָאתַיִם זוּז, הֲרֵי זוֹ מִתְגָּרֶשֶׁת אַחַר שֶׁתִּתֵּן, וְאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לִכְפֹּל הַתְּנַאי וְלֹא לִשְׁאָר מִשְׁפְּטֵי הַתְּנָאִים, שֶׁהֲרֵי לֹא גֵּרַשׁ עַל תְּנַאי, אֶלָּא עֲדַיִן לֹא גֵּרַשׁ זֶה, אֶלָּא תָּלָה הַגֵּרוּשִׁין בַּעֲשִׂיַּה כָּךְ וְכָךְ וְאַחַר כָּךְ תִּתְגָּרֵשׁ. וּמַה בֵּין מְגָרֵשׁ עַל תְּנַאי, לְזֶה שֶׁקָּבַע זְמַן לְגֵרוּשִׁין אוֹ תְּלָאָן בְּמַעֲשֶׂה, שֶׁהַמְגָרֵשׁ עַל תְּנַאי יֵשׁ שָׁם גֵּרוּשִׁין, וְאֵינָם גּוֹמְרִים עַד שֶׁיִּתְקַיֵּם הַתְּנַאי; לְפִיכָךְ, כְּשֶׁיִּתְקַיֵּם הַתְּנַאי, נִתְגָּרְשָׁה, אִם הָיָה הַגֵּט קַיָּם, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָה בִּרְשׁוּתָהּ, וְאֵינָהּ צְרִיכָה לַחֲזֹר וְלִטְּלוֹ אוֹ לִהְיוֹתָה בִּרְשׁוּתָהּ אַחַר שֶׁנִּתְקַיֵּם הַתְּנַאי, שֶׁהֲרֵי הִגִּיעַ לְיָדָהּ תְּחִלָּה בְּתוֹרַת גֵּרוּשִׁין. אֲבָל הַתּוֹלֶה הַגֵּרוּשִׁין בִּזְמַן אוֹ בְּמַעֲשֶׂה, לֹא הִגִּיעַ לְיָדָהּ בְּתוֹרַת גֵּרוּשִׁין אֶלָּא בְּתוֹרַת פִּקָּדוֹן עַד הַזְּמַן שֶׁקָּבַע אוֹ עַד שֶׁתַּעֲשֶׂה הַמַּעֲשֶׂה; לְפִיכָךְ, כְּשֶׁהִגִּיעַ הַזְּמַן צָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת הַגֵּט בִּרְשׁוּתָהּ, אוֹ תַּחֲזֹר וְתִטְּלֶנּוּ, אוֹ יִהְיֶה בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁיִּחֲדָה אוֹתוֹ בּוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ רְשׁוּתָהּ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ תִּתְגָּרֵשׁ בּוֹ. וְאִם נִשֵּׂאת קֹדֶם הַזְּמַן שֶׁקָּבַע, אוֹ קֹדֶם שֶׁתַּעֲשֶׂה הַמַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁתָּלָה בּוֹ הַגֵּרוּשִׁין, תֵּצֵא וְהַוָּלָד מִמֶּנּוּ מַמְזֵר, שֶׁעֲדַיִן הִיא אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ גְּמוּרָה וְאֵין כָּאן שֵׁם גֵּרוּשִׁין:

2 If she went and put it [the bill of divorce] on the side of a public space, and it was stolen or lost after 30 days, she is divorced, since the bill of divorce was extant on the day she was divorced with it, and she placed it in a non-public space, for the sides of public spaces are not considered as public spaces proper. So too if he made the divorce dependent on some action, the law is the same as the law of one who divorces after some time. How so? For example, he said to his wife, "This is your bill of divorce and you will not be divorced with it until you give me 200 zuz," she will be divorced after giving. He need not duplicate the condition [i.e. specify what will happen if the condition is fulfilled and what will happen if it is not] or fulfill any other laws of conditions, for he did not divorce her conditionally, but rather he has still not divorced her, he has instead made the divorce dependent on the doing of such and such, and afterward she will be divorced. What is the difference between one who divorces conditionally and one who fixed a time for divorce or fixed the divorce to an action? One who divorces conditionally, there is divorce there, and it is not completed until the condition is fulfilled. Therefore, when the condition is fulfilled, she is divorced, if the bill of divorce had been validated, even though it was not in her possession, and she need not go back and take it again or for it to be in her possession after the condition is fulfilled, for it had already arrived in her hand originally under the laws of divorce. However, one who fixes the divorce to a time or action, it does not arrive in her hands under the laws of divorce but rather under the laws of a deposit until the fixed time arrives or the action is done. Therefore, when the time arrives, the bill of divorce must be in her possession, or she must go back and take it again, or it must be in a place that is unique to her, even if it is not in her possession, as we have explained, and then she can be divorced with it. If she remarried before the fixed time, or before the completion of the act upon which the divorce depended, she must leave the marriage and her offspring from him are from a prohibited marriage, as she is still entirely a married woman and no divorce has been effected.

ג הַנּוֹתֵן גֵּט בְּיַד אִשְׁתּוֹ וְאָמַר לָהּ: אִם לֹא תִּתְּנִי מָאתַיִם זוּז אֵין זֶה גֵּט, אוֹ אֵין אַתְּ מְגֹרֶשֶׁת, הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא גֵּרַשׁ כְּלָל, וְאֵין כָּאן גֵּט לֹא עַל תְּנַאי וְלֹא תָּלוּי בְּמַעֲשֶׂה, וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. וְאִם אָמַר לָהּ: הֲרֵי אַתְּ מְגֹרֶשֶׁת, וְאִם לֹא תִּתְּנִי לִי מָאתַיִם זוּז לֹא תִּהְיִי מְגֹרֶשֶׁת, הֲרֵי זוֹ מְגֹרֶשֶׁת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא נָתְנָה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא כָּפַל תְּנָאוֹ:

3 If one put a *get* [bill of divorce] and said to her, "If you do not give me 200 *zuz* [unit of currency], this is not a *get*," or "... you are not divorced," he has not divorced at all, and there is no *get* here, neither conditional nor on condition of an action, and similarly for any similar [case]. And if he said to her, "You are hereby divorced, and if you do not give me 200 *zuz*, you will not be divorced," she is divorced even if she has not given, because he did not make his condition two-fold.

ד מִי שֶׁנִּתְגָּרְשָׁה עַל תְּנַאי, וְקִדְּשָׁהּ אַחֵר קֹדֶם שֶׁיִּתְקַיֵּם הַתְּנַאי; אִם נִתְקַיֵּם הַתְּנַאי, הֲרֵי זוֹ מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת; וְאִם לֹא נִתְקַיֵּם הַתְּנַאי וּבָטֵל הַגֵּט, אֵינָהּ צְרִיכָה גֵּט מִשֵּׁנִי, שֶׁאֵין קִדּוּשִׁין תּוֹפְסִין בָּהּ. אֲבָל אִם נִשֵּׂאת וְלֹא נִתְקַיֵּם הַתְּנַאי וּבָטֵל הַגֵּט, צְרִיכָה גֵּט מִשֵּׁנִי:

4 One who was divorced conditionally, and another [man] betrothed her before the condition was fulfilled, if the condition was fulfilled, she is betrothed. And if the condition was not fulfilled, and the *get* [bill of divorce] was nullified, she does not need a *get* from the second [man], as the betrothel did not take effect on her. But if she got married, and the condition was not fulfilled, and the *get* was nullified, she needs a *get* from the second [man].

ה בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁאִם קִדְּשָׁהּ אַחֵר וְלֹא נִתְקַיֵּם הַתְּנַאי שֶׁהַגֵּט בָּטֵל, בִּתְנַאי שֶׁהוּא בְּלָאו, וְעָשְׂתָה מַעֲשֶׂה בְּבִטּוּלוֹ, אוֹ בִּתְנַאי שֶׁהוּא בְּמַעֲשֶׂה תּוֹךְ זְמַן קָצוּב וְעָבַר הַזְּמַן וְלֹא נַעֲשָׂה, אוֹ בְּאֵיזֶה דֶּרֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה הַתְּנַאי מְבֻטָּל בְּפֹעַל, הַגֵּט בָּטֵל. אֲבָל בִּתְנַאי שֶׁבְּיָדָהּ לְקַיְּמוֹ וּבָהּ הַדָּבָר תָּלוּי וְאִם נִתְקַיֵּם הַתְּנַאי מְגֹרֶשֶׁת, חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא קִיְּמָה הַתְּנַאי (הַמ"מ) וְחָלוּ קִדּוּשֵׁי שֵׁנִי:

5 When is the divorce document invalidated when another man betroths her and the condition is not fulfilled? When the condition was not to do something, and she did the act that nullified it; or the condition was an act within a specific time period and the time passed and the action was undone; or in some fashion that the condition was violated actively, then the divorce document is nullified. But a condition that is in her power to fulfill, and the matter is dependent on her, and were she to fulfill the condition she would be divorced Rema: we take into account the possibility that she fulfilled the condition [Maggid Mishnah] and the betrothal of the second man takes effect.

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