One who missed a prayer, and how to make it up

Siman 21: One who missed a prayer, and how to make it up

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א כְּבָר נִתְבָּאַר בְּסִימָן י"ח שֶׁאִם עָבַר זְמַן תְּפִלָּה בְּמֵזִיד, אֵין לוֹ תַּשְׁלוּמִין אֲבָל אִם מֵחֲמַת שְׁגָגָה אוֹ אֹנֶס לֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל, אוֹ שֶׁטָּעָה בִּתְפִלָּתוֹ בְּדָבָר שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לַחְזֹר וּלְהִתְפַּלֵּל יָכוֹל לְהַשְׁלִימָהּ לְאַחַר תְּפִלָּה הַסְּמוּכָה לָהּ, וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּתְפַּלֵּל דַּוְקָא תְּפִלָּה שֶׁהִיא זְמַנָּהּ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ תְּפִלַּת הַתַּשְׁלוּמִין, דְּהַיְנוּ אִם לֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל שַׁחֲרִית, אֲזַי כְּשֶׁיַּגִּיעַ זְמַן תְּפִלַּת מִנְחָה, יִתְפַּלֵּל מִתְּחִלָּה, תְּפִלָּה לְשֵׁם מִנְחָה וְאוֹמֵר תַּחֲנוּן, וְאַחַר כָּךְ מִיָּד אוֹמֵר אַשְׁרֵי, וּמִתְפַּלֵּל עוֹד שְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה בִּשְׁבִיל שַׁחֲרִית. וְאִם לֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל מִנְחָה, אֲזַי יִתְפַּלֵּל תְּחִלָּה עַרְבִית, וְיִשְׁהֶה רַק כְּדֵי הִלּוּךְ דּ' אַמּוֹת וְאֵינוֹ אוֹמֵר אַשְׁרֵי אֶלָּא מִיָּד יִתְפַּלֵּל תְּפִלַּת שְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה בִּשְׁבִיל מִנְחָה, וְאִם לֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל עַרְבִית, אֲזַי לְאַחַר תְּפִלַּת שַׁחֲרִית, יֹאמַר תַּחֲנוּן וְאַשְׁרֵי, וְיִתְפַּלֵּל תְּפִלַּת שְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה לְשֵׁם עַרְבִית וְאַחַר כָּךְ יֹאמַר לַמְנַצֵּחַ וּבָא לְצִיּוֹן וְכוּ', וְאָסוּר לוֹ לֶאֱכֹל עַד שֶׁיִּתְפַּלֵּל גַּם תְּפִלָּה זוֹ, שֶׁהִיא לְשֵׁם עַרְבִית.
1 Preface: The general rule is that omitting one of the prayers requires a make-up-prayer. This will compensate for having omitted a tefillah, but only where the omission occurred unwillingly (אוֹנֵס) or unintentionally (שׁוֹגֵג). But if one willfully and deliberately omitted a tefillah, there is no way to compensate. An important fact to keep in mind while studying this chapter: The compensation tefillah is performed by repeating the particular tefillah that is due at that time. For example, if at Maariv one compensates for an omitted Mincha, he does this by praying two Maariv Shemoneh Esrei's. Due to this, a number of unique situations arise: e. g. Omitting Mincha on Friday afternoon requires two Maariv Shemoneh Esreis on Friday night, both, being the Shabbos eve Shemoneh Esreis. This chapter discusses the form this compensation takes as well as what is considered deliberate and what is considered unintentional and unwilling. It has already been explained (in Chapter Eighteen) that if [you allowed] the time of tefillah to pass intentionally, there is no compensation. But if [it was] unintentional, or due to something beyond your control, that you did not pray, or [if you did pray, but] erred in your tefillah in a way that requires that you repeat the tefillah, [then] you may compensate for it following the next tefillah. You must first pray the tefillah that is due at that time and [only] afterwards the make-up tefillah, for example: if you did not pray the Shacharis tefillah, then when the time for Minchah arrives, you first pray a tefillah for Minchah, followed by the Tachanun prayer, and immediately afterwards you should say Ashrei, and then pray another Shemoneh Esrei for the sake of [the omitted] Shacharis. [Similarly] if you omitted Minchah, then you should first say the Maariv prayer, and then pause only for the time it takes to walk four amos, do not say Ashrei, but, immediately, pray the Shemoneh Esrei prayer for the sake of [the omitted] Minchah. [Similarly] if you omitted Maariv, then after the Shacharis prayer you should say Tachanun and Ashrei, and [then] pray the Shemoneh Esrei prayer for the sake of Maariv. After that you should say Lamenatzeiach and Uva letzion, etc. You may not eat until you also complete the make-up tefillah, which is for the sake of Maariv.
ב אִם לֹא הִתְפַּלֵל, בְּעוֹד שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ שָׁהוּת לְהִתְפַּלֵּל, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיָה חוֹשֵׁב, שֶׁעֲדַיִן יִשָּׁאֵר לוֹ זְמַן, אַחַר שֶׁיִּגְמֹר אוֹתוֹ עֵסֶק שֶׁהוּא מִתְעַסֵּק בּוֹ, וּבֵין כָּךְ וְכָךְ עָבְרָה לוֹ הַשָּׁעָה, וְכֵן מִי שֶׁהָיָה טָרוּד לְצֹרֶךְ מָמוֹנוֹ, שֶׁלֹּא יָבֹא לִידֵי הֶפְסֵד, וְעַל יְדֵי כֵּן הִפְסִיד זְמַן הַתְּפִלָּה, אַף עַל גַּב דְּאָסוּר לְהַעֲבִיר זְמַן תְּפִלָּה מִשּׁוּם הֶפְסֵד מָמוֹן מִכָּל מָקוֹם מִקְרֵי אֹנֶס, וְיֵשׁ לוֹ תַּשְׁלוּמִין. וְכֵן אִם מֵחֲמַת שִׁכְרוּת לֹא הָיָה רָאוּי לְהִתְפַּלֵּל, נֶחְשָׁב גַּם כֵּן כְּאֹנֶס אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִתְחִיל בְּאִסּוּר לִשְתֹּת, כְּשֶׁהִגִּיעַ זְמַן תְּפִלָּה.
2 If you did not pray when there was time to pray, because you thought that there would still be time after you finished whatever you were doing, but in the meantime the time [for prayer] passed; similarly, if you were preoccupied in business matters, in order to prevent a loss, and as a result the time for prayer passed, [then] despite the fact that it is prohibited to allow the time of prayer to pass [merely] to avoid a monetary loss, nevertheless, it is considered oneis, (an extreme situation) and you may make up the missed prayer. Similarly if as a result of intoxication you were not permitted to pray, you are considered an oneis, despite the fact that drinking is prohibited once the time for prayer has arrived.
ג אֵין תַּשְׁלוּמִין לַתְּפִלָּה, אֶלָּא בַּתְּפִלָּה הַסְּמוּכָה לָהּ. אֲבָל אִם נִתְאַחֵר יוֹתֵר, אֵין לָהּ עוֹד תַּשְׁלוּמִין כְּגוֹן אִם לֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל לֹא שַׁחֲרִית וְלֹא מִנְחָה, אֲזַי מִנְחָה, יֵשׁ לָהּ תַּשְׁלוּמִין, לְאַחַר עַרְבִית הַסְּמוּכָה לָהּ, אֲבָל שַׁחֲרִית אֵין לָהּ תַּשְׁלוּמִין, כֵּיוָן שֶׁעָבַר שְׁתֵּי זְמַנֵּי תְפִלּוֹת שֶׁלֹּא הִתְפַּלֵּל, לֹא בִּזְמַנָּהּ וְלֹא בִּזְמַן מִנְחָה.
3 Compensation for [an omitted] prayer is valid only at the very next tefillah, but if the delay was greater, [compensation] is no longer possible. For example: if you did not pray Shacharis and Minchah, then compensation for Minchah is possible [immediately] after Maariv, but for Shacharis, compensation is not possible, since two periods of prayer have passed [and] you failed to pray [ Shacharis ], neither at its ( Shacharis') designated time nor at the time of Minchah.
ד אַךְ בְּיוֹם שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ מוּסָף, אִם לֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל שַׁחֲרִית, יָכוֹל לְהַשְׁלִימָהּ לְאַחַר מִנְחָה, (דְּכֵיוָן דִּזְמַן תְּפִלַּת מוּסָף, בְּדִיעֲבַד עַד הַלַּיְלָה, כְּמוֹ מִנְחָה אִם כֵּן לֹא עָבַר שְׁתֵּי זְמַנֵּי תְּפִלּוֹת) וּלְאַחַר תְּפִלַּת מוּסָף, אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהַשְׁלִים תְּפִלַּת שַחֲרִית, (דְּכֵיוָן שֶׁמַּזְכִּיר בָּהּ קָרְבַּן מוּסָף, אֵינָהּ רְאוּיָה שֶׁתַּעֲלֶה לִתְפִלַּת שַׁחֲרִית. פְּרִי מְגָדִים סִימָן ק"ח, אַבְרָהָם סָעִיף קָטָן ו'). אַךְ עִם עֲדַיִן לֹא עָבַר זְמַן תְּפִלַּת שַׁחֲרִית, יָכוֹל לְהִתְפַּלֵּל שַׁחֲרִית, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁכְּבָר הִתְפַּלֵּל מוּסָף.
4 However, on a day when there is an additional Musaf prayer, if you omitted Shacharis [unintentionally], you may compensate for it after the Minchah prayer, (because the period for Musaf extends, as a last resort, until nightfall as does [the period] for Minchah; as a result, two periods of tefillah have not passed). But, after the Musaf prayer you may not compensate for [the omitted] Shacharis, (because having already mentioned the Musaf sacrifice, it is inappropriate as a make up for the Shacharis prayer). But, if the Shacharis period has not yet passed, you may still pray the Shacharis prayer despite already having prayed Musaf.
ה אֵין תַּשְׁלוּמִין לַתְּפִלָּה שֶׁהִפְסִיד, אֶלָּא בִּזְמַן תְּפִלָּה הַסְּמוּכָה לָהּ. אֲבָל לֹא בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ זְמַן תְּפִלָּה, כְּגוֹן אִם שָׁהָה הַרְבֵּה, אַחַר שֶׁהִתְפַּלֵּל הַתְּפִלָּה שֶׁהִיא חוֹבַת שָׁעָה, אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהִתְפַּלֵּל עוֹד, תַּשְׁלוּמֵי תְּפִלָּה שֶׁהִפְסִיד, לְפִי שֶׁלֹּא תִקְּנוּ תַּשְׁלוּמִין לַתְּפִלָּה שֶׁהִפְסִיד, אֶלָּא בִּזְּמַן שֶׁהוּא עוֹסֵק בַּתְּפִלָּה שֶׁהִיא חוֹבַת שָׁעָה, שֶׁאָז כֵּיוָן שֶׁהוּא עוֹסֵק בַּתְּפִלָּה שֶׁהִיא חוֹבַת שָׁעָה, הוּא מַשְׁלִים גַּם כֵּן מַה שֶׁחָסֵר (ק"ח).
5 The omitted tefillah can be made up only at the time of the next tefillah, but not after the time of the next tefillah. For example: if much time has elapsed since you prayed the tefillah which was due at that time, you can no longer pray the compensatory tefillah for the one omitted, because [the Sages] instituted compensation for the omitted tefillah only at the time you are occupied with the prayer due then, because [only] while being occupied with prayers can you also make up [for] what you missed.
ו תְּפִלַּת הַתַּשְׁלוּמִין שֶׁהוּא מִתְפַּלֵּל, חַיָּב לְהִתְפַּלֵּל, כְּמוֹ שֶׁהוּא מִתְפַּלֵּל אָז תְּפִלַּת הַחוֹבָה, כְּגוֹן אִם לֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל מִנְחָה בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, מִתְפַּלֵּל עַרְבִית שְׁתַּיִם שֶׁל שַׁבָּת, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַשְּׁנִיָּה בָּאָה לְתַשְׁלוּם תְּפִלַּת חֹל, מִכָּל מָקוֹם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁעַתָּה הוּא שַׁבָּת, מִתְפַּלֵּל שֶׁל שַׁבָּת. וְאִם הִתְפַּלֵּל שֶׁל חֹל, חוֹזֵר וּמִתְפַּלֵּל, וְכֵן בְּעֶרֶב רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ אִם לֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל מִנְחָה מִתְפַּלֵּל עַרְבִית שְׁתַּיִם, וְאוֹמֵר בִּשְׁתֵּיהֶן יַעֲלֶה וְיָבֹא. וְאִם לֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל עַרְבִית בְּרֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ, שֶׁמִּתְפַּלֵּל שַחֲרִית שְׁתַּיִם, אִם שָׁכַח יַעֲלֶה וְיָבֹא אֲפִלּוּ בַּשְּׁנִיָּה חוֹזֵר וּמִתְפַּלֵּל, (אַף עַל גַּב דְתַשְׁלוּמִין הַלַּיְלָה הִיא, וְאָז לֹא הָיָה חוֹזֵר, מִכָּל מָקוֹם הַשְׁתָּא יְמָמָא הוּא), וּבְשַׁבָּת אִם לֹא הִתְפַּלֵּל מִנְחָה, מִתְפַּלֵּל עַרְבִית גַּם כֵּן שְׁתַּיִם שֶׁל חֹל, אֶלָּא שֶׁיֵּשׁ חִלּוּק בְּאַתָּה חוֹנַנְתָּנוּ. בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה אוֹמֵר אַתָּה חוֹנַנְתָּנוּ, וּבַשְּׁנִיָּה אֵינוֹ אוֹמְרוֹ. וְהַטַּעַם בָּזֶה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאַתָּה חוֹנַנְתָּנוּ הוּא כְּמוֹ הַבְדָּלָה, וְאֵין מַבְדִּילִין בּ' פְּעָמִים בַּתְּפִלָּה, וְהוּא הַדִּין לְהֵפֶךְ, אִם שָׁכַח עַרְבִית בְּמוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת. מִתְפַּלֵּל שַׁחֲרִית שְׁתַּיִם, וְאוֹמֵר בִּתְפִלַּת הַתַּשְׁלוּמִין אַתָּה חוֹנַנְתָּנוּ, לְפִי שֶׁמֵּעִקַּר הַתַּקָּנָה, צָרִיךְ לְהַבְדִּיל בַּתְּפִלָּה (ק"ח רצ"ד).
6 The make-up tefillah that you pray must be the same as the tefillah that is due at that time. For example, if you omitted Mincha on Friday afternoon, [then] you pray two Shabbos- Maariv tefillos at Maariv, notwithstanding the fact that the second tefillah comes as compensation for a weekday tefillah, nevertheless, since now (at the time of the make-up tefillah) it is Shabbos, you pray a Shabbos tefillah. If [being ignorant of the above halachah ] you said a weekday tefillah as compensation you must repeat [the Shabbos] Shemoneh Esrei. Similarly, on the day preceeding Rosh Chodesh, if you omitted Minchah [then] you pray two Maariv Shemoneh Esreis and at both you say Ya'aleh ve'yavo. If you omitted Maariv on Rosh Chodesh, requiring you to pray two Shacharis tefillos, and if you inadvertently omitted Ya'aleh ve'yavo even during the second [ Shemoneh Esrei ] you must repeat the Shemoneh Esrei; (despite the fact that it is compensation for the night and, then, [had you omitted Ya'aleh ve'yavo ] you were not required to repeat [the tefillah ], nevertheless, now it is day.) If you omitted Minchah, on Shabbos here, too, you pray two weekday [ Shemoneh Esreis ] at Maariv. However [in this case] there is a difference [regarding] the Atah Chonantanu prayer. In the first Shemoneh Esrei you should say Atah Chonantanu, but in the second prayer, you do not say it. The reason for this is since Atah Chonantanu is like the Havdalah blessing, and Havdalah is not said twice in tefillah. The same applies in the opposite situation: If you omitted Maariv at the conclusion of Shabbos, [then,] you pray two Shacharis Shemoneh Esreis and during the make-up prayer say Atah Chonantanu, because originally it was instituted that Havdalah be said during Shemoneh Esrei.
ז טָעָה בְּרֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ בְּמִנְחָה, וְלֹא אָמַר יַעֲלֶה וְיָבֹא, וּלְמָחָר אֵינוֹ רֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ, אִם כֵּן אַף אִם יִתְפַּלֵּל עַרְבִית שְׁתַּיִם, לֹא יַרְוִיחַ כְּלוּם, שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לוֹמַר עוֹד יַעֲלֶה וְיָבֹא, וּבְלֹא יַעֲלֶה וְיָבֹא, הֲרֵי כְּבָר הִתְפַּלֵּל עַל כֵּן אֵינוֹ מִתְפַּלֵּל כְּלָל לְתַשְׁלוּמִין.
7 If you erred at Minchah on Rosh Chodesh by omitting Ya'aleh ve'yavo, and the following day it is not Rosh Chodesh, and as a result, even if you pray two [ Shemoneh Esreis ] at Maariv, you will gain nothing, since you can no longer say Ya'aleh ve'yavo, and you already prayed once without Ya'aleh ve'yavo, therefore, you do not pray a make-up tefillah at all.
ח תְּפִלַּת מוּסָף, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁזְּמַנָּהּ כָּל הַיּוֹם, וְאִם כֵּן הֲוֵי מַעֲרִיב תְּפִלָּה הַסְּמוּכָה לָהּ, מִכָּל מָקוֹם אֵין לָהּ תַּשְׁלוּמִין בַּלַּיְלָה, מִשּׁוּם דִּתְפִלַּת מוּסָף נִתְקְנָה מִשּׁוּם וּנְשַׁלְּמָה פָּרִים שְׂפָתֵינוּ וְכֵיוָן שֶׁעָבַר זְמַנּוֹ בָּטֵל קָרְבָּנוֹ.
8 Regarding the Musaf prayer—although its time period is the entire day (till nightfall), thereby making Maariv the next tefillah, nevertheless it [ musaf ] cannot be compensated at night, because the musaf prayer was instituted based on the verse. "Let the offerings of our lips replace bullocks," and once the time has passed the sacrifice can no longer be brought.
ט מִי שֶׁהוּא צָרִיךְ לְהִתְפַּלֵּל שַׁחֲרִית שְׁתַּיִם, אוֹ מִנְחָה שְׁתַּיִם, אִם הוּא שְּׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר, יוֹצֵא בְּמַה שֶּׁהוּא חוֹזֵר אֵת הַתְּפִלָּה בְּקוֹל רָם.
9 If you require two Shacharis tefillos or two Minchah tefillos, and you are the chazzan, you fulfill your obligation with the repeating of Shemoneh Esrei aloud.
י מִי שֶׁנִּסְתַּפֵּק לוֹ אִם הִתְפַּלֵּל אוֹ לֹא, בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה (שֶׁאֵין מִתְפַּלְּלִין בִּנְדָבָה), אֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר וּמִתְפַּלֵּל (סִימָן ק"ז ק"ח).
10 If you are in doubt as to whether or not you prayed, in our time (since a voluntary Shemoneh Esrei is not said) you do not repeat the tefillah.
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