Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim Siman 259

Siman 259

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א מוּכִין, (פי' כָּל דָּבָר רַךְ קָרוּי מוּכִין כְּגוֹן צֶמֶר גֶּפֶן וּתְלִישֵׁי צֶמֶר רַךְ שֶׁל בְּהֵמָה וּגְרִירַת בְּגָדִים בְּלוּיִים), שֶׁטָּמַן בָּהֶם דֶּרֶךְ מִקְרֶה, אָסוּר לְטַלְטְלָן אֶלָּא מְנַעֵר הַכִּסוּי וְהֵן נוֹפְלוֹת; וּכְגוֹן שֶׁמִּקְּצָתָן מְגֻלֶּה, שֶׁאֵין זֶה טִלְטוּל אֶלָּא מִצִּדּוֹ. וְאִם יִחֲדָן לְכָךְ, מֻתָּר לְטַלְטְלָן. אֲבָל אִם טָמַן בְּגִזֵּי צֶמֶר, אֲפִלּוּ לֹא יִחֲדָן לְכָךְ, מֻתָּר לְטַלְטְלָן. וְהָנֵי מִלֵּי סְתָם גִזִּין שֶׁאֵין עוֹמְדִין לִסְחוֹרָה, אֲבָל אִם נְתָנָם לְאוֹצָר לִסְחוֹרָה, צְרִיכִין יִחוּד וְאִם טָמַן בָּהֶם בְּלֹא יִחוּד, מְנַעֵר הַכִּסוּי וְהֵן נוֹפְלוֹת, דְּהַיְנוּ: לוֹמַר שֶׁנּוֹטֵל כִּסוּי הַקְּדֵרָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ תּוֹרַת כְּלִי עָלֶיהָ, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵם עָלֶיהָ לֹא אִכְפַּת לָן, דְּלֹא נַעֲשֵׂית בָּסִיס לָהֶן.
1 Several Laws Governing Insulation and Moving the Insulating Materials, 7 Seifim: Since they are muktzeh, on Shabbos, it is forbidden to move muchin (any soft substance, e.g., cotton, the soft wool of an animal, or the remnants of worn out clothes.” In this section, we are speaking about muchin that are dry, for muchin that are wet are considered as substances that increase temperature and are forbidden to be used for insulation) that were used on Friday to insulate a pot on the spur of the moment. Rather, he should shake the cover and it will fall (on its own) e.g, its muktzah is uncovered, and this is not considered 'moving'. However, if it was insulated with fleece wool, even if it was not designated for that purpose, it is permitted to move it. This refers to fleece that is not set aside for commerce. However if they are for merchandise they must be set aside. If one insulates with them without them being set aside, one shakes the cover and they fall off, that is to say, when the cover of the pot is considered as a k’li. Even though they are on top of it, we are not worried about it, because we do not make a Basis for them.
ב הַנּוֹתְנִים אֲבָנִים וּלְבֵנִים סְבִיב הַקְּדֵרָה צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּיַחֲדֵם לְכָךְ לְעוֹלָם, שֶׁהֲרֵי כָּל זְמַן שֶׁלֹּא יִחֲדָן אֵינָם חֲשׁוּבִים לוֹ וּמַשְׁלִיכָן. הִלְכָּךְ אָסוּר לְטַלְטְלָן, אִם לֹא שֶׁיַּצְנִיעֵם וּמְיַחֲדָן לְכָךְ.
2 Those who place stones and bricks around a pot (for insulation) must permanently designate them for that purpose (so that it will be permitted to move them on Shabbat). For as long as they are not designated for that purpose, they are not considered important to a person and he may cast them away. Therefore, it would be forbidden to move them if they were not set aside and designated for that purpose
ג הַטּוֹמֵן בְּקֻפָּה מְלֵאָה גִּזֵּי צֶמֶר שֶׁאָסוּר לְטַלְטֵל וְהוֹצִיא הַקְּדֵרָה, כָּל זְמַן שֶׁלֹּא נִתְקַלְקְלָה הַגּוּמָא יָכוֹל לְהַחְזִירָהּ; וְאִם נִתְקַלְקְלָה, לֹא יַחֲזִירֶנָּה. וַאֲפִלּוּ לְכַתְּחִלָּה יָכוֹל לְהוֹצִיאָה עַל דַּעַת לְהַחְזִירָהּ אִם לֹא תִּתְקַלְקֵל, וְלֹא חַיְישִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא יַחֲזִירֶנָּה אַף אִם תִּתְקַלְקֵל. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ טָמַן בְּדָבָר שֶׁמֻּתָּר לְטַלְטֵל, אִם נִתְקַלְקֵלָה הַגּוּמָא, לֹא יַחֲזִיר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁתִּצְטָרֵךְ הַקְּדֵרָה לַעֲשׂוֹת לְעַצְמָהּ מָקוֹם כְּשֶׁמַּחֲזִירָהּ וְנִמְצָא כְּמִי שֶׁטּוֹמֵן בְּשַׁבָּת.
3 When a person insulated [a pot of food] in a container full of muchin that are forbidden to be moved, once he removed the pot from there in the prescribed manner, he may return it there, as long as the hollow [in which the pot had been placed] remains intact. If, however, the hollow did not remain intact, it is forbidden to return it. Nevertheless, as an initial preference, one may remove the pot with the intent of returning it, [provided the hollow remains intact]. We are not concerned that he may widen the hollow if it does not remain intact. There are those who say that even if one insulates with a substance that is permissible to move, if the hollow remains intact one may not return it, because the pot would need to have a place made for itself to be grasped, as we find regarding one who insulates on Shabbat.
ד טָמַן בְּדָבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִטָּל וְכִסָה פִּיהָ בְּדָבָר הַנִּטָּל, מְגַלֶּה הַכִּסוּי וְאוֹחֵז בַּקְּדֵרָה וּמוֹצִיאָהּ.
4 One who insulates with something that is not taken away and covers its mouth with something that is not removable, one exposes the cover, grabs the pot and removes it.
ה טָמַן וְכִסָה בְּדָבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִטָּל, אִם מִקְצָת הַקְּדֵרָה מְגֻלֶּה נוֹטֵל וּמַחֲזִיר; וְאִם לָאו, אֵינוֹ נוֹטֵל.
5 One who insulates and covers (a pot) with something that is not removable, if the muktzeh of the pot is exposed, one removes it and returns it, and if not we do not remove it.
ו יוֹם טוֹב שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, יֵשׁ מִי שֶׁאוֹסֵר לְהַטְמִין בַּאֲבָנִים מִשּׁוּם דְּהָוֵי כְּמוֹ בִּנְיָן, וְיֵשׁ מַתִּירִים.
6 When a festival falls on Friday, there are those who forbid insulating with stones, because this is like Binyan; and there are those who permit this.
ז הָתַּנּוּר שֶׁמַּנִּיחִים בּוֹ הַחַמִּין וְסוֹתְמִין פִּיו בְּדַף וְשׁוֹרְקִין (פי' מַחְלִיקִין) אוֹתוֹ בְּטִיט, מֻתָּר לִסְתֹּר אוֹתָהּ סְתִימָה כְּדֵי לְהוֹצִיא הַחַמִּין וְלַחֲזֹר וּלְסוֹתְמוֹ; וְאִם יֵשׁ בּוֹ גֶּחָלִים לוֹחֲשׁוֹת, מֻתָּר עַל יְדֵי עַכּוּ"ם. הַגָּה: וְיֵשׁ מַחְמִירִין שֶׁלֹּא לִסְתֹּר סְתִימַת הַתַּנּוּר הַטּוּחַ בְּטִיט עַל יְדֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, אִם אֶפְשָׁר לַעֲשׂוֹת עַל יְדֵי עַכּוּ"ם, וְכֵן אִם אֶפְשָׁר לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ עַל יְדֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל קָטָן לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה יִשְׂרָאֵל גָּדוֹל; וְאִם אִי אֶפְשָׁר יַעֲשֶׂה גָּדוֹל עַל יְדֵי שִׁנּוּי קְצָת, וְהָכֵי נָהוּג (ת"ה סי' ש"ה וְאָגוּר). וְנִרְאֶה לִי הָא דְּמֻתָּר לַחֲזֹר לִסְתֹּם הַתַּנּוּר, הַיְנוּ בַּיּוֹם דִּכְבָר כָּל הַקְּדֵרוֹת מְבֻשָּׁלוֹת כָּל צָרְכָּן, אֲבָל בַּלַּיְלָה סָמוּךְ לְהַטְמָנָתוֹ דְּיֵשׁ לְסַפֵּק שֶׁמָּא הַקְּדֵרוֹת עֲדַיִן אֵינָן מְבֻשָּׁלוֹת כָּל צָרְכָּן, אָסוּר לִסְתֹּם הַתַּנּוּר דְּגוֹרֵם בִּשּׁוּל כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר סִימָן רנ"ז סָעִיף ד', וַאֲפִלּוּ עַל יְדֵי עַכּוּ"ם אָסוּר כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל סוֹף סִימָן רנ"ג. וּשְׁאָר דִּינֵי חֲזָרָה בְּשַׁבָּת עַיִּןִ לְעֵיל סי' שי"ח.
7 When something warm is placed in an oven for Shabbos and the opening of the oven is blocked with a board which is sealed with mud, it is permitted to break apart that seal on Shabbos to remove the warm food, and to return it and seal it. If it has burning coals, it is permitted to be done by a non-Jew. Rema: There are those who are stringent not to allow a Jew t0 break the seal of the oven sealed with mud if it is possible to get a non-Jew to do it. If it is possible to have a minor Jew do it, an adult Jew should not do it. If it is not possible, then an adult can do it in a slightly different manner than usual, and this is our custom. And it seems to me that it is permitted to return it and seal the over, in other words during the day, for then all the pots have been cooking like they have needed. However at night, close to the time he insulates it - for there is a doubt that maybe the pots have not yet cooked fully - it is forbidden to seal the oven because one will cause [the food] to cook more quickly as is explained in Siman 257 Seif 4. Even doing so via a non-Jew is forbidden, as explained above at the end of Seif 253 (and for other laws regarding Chazarah on Shabbat see later Siman 318).
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