Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim Siman 629

Siman 629

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א דָּבָר שֶׁמְּסַכְּכִין בּוֹ, צָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה צוֹמֵחַ מִן הָאֶרֶץ, וְתָלוּשׁ, וְאֵינוֹ מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה; אֲבָל דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ צוֹמֵחַ מִן הָאָרֶץ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁגִּדּוּלוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ וְאֵינוֹ מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה כְּגוֹן עוֹרוֹת שֶׁל בְּהֵמָה שֶׁלֹּא נֶעֶבְדוּ, שֶׁאֵינָם מְקַבְּלִים טֻמְאָה, אוֹ מִינֵי מַתָּכוֹת, אֵין מְסַכְּכִין בָּהֶם וְכֵן אֵין מְסַכְּכִין בְּעָפָר (רַ"ן).
1 What materials can be s'chach, 19 Seifim: Schach must grow from the ground, be detached [from the ground], and not be susceptible to ritual impurity. However, if [a substance] does not grow from the ground, even if it grows on the ground and is not susceptible to ritual impurity, such as unprocessed animal hides that are not susceptible to ritual impurity, or metal items, it may not be used as schach. (We not use dirt as schach either) (R"an).
ב וְכֵן דָּבָר שֶׁמְּקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה כְּגוֹן שִׁפּוּדִין וַאֲרֻכּוֹת הַמִּטָּה וְכָל הַכֵּלִים, אֵין מְסַכְּכִין בָּהֶם; וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם נִשְׁבְּרוּ, שֶׁלֹּא נִשְׁאַר בָּהֶם שִׁעוּר קַבָּלַת טֻמְאָה.
2 Similarly, everything that is susceptible to ritual impurity, such as [metal] spits, bed frame posts, and all [other] tools, may not be used as schach, even if they broke so that no piece remains that is big enough to receive ritual purity.
ג סִכְּכָהּ בְּחִצִּים שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם בֵּית קִבּוּל, כְּשֵׁרָה; וְשֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶם בֵּית קִבּוּל, פְּסוּלָה.
3 Arrows that do not have a socket can be used as schach. Those that have a socket are invalid.
ד סִכְּכָהּ בְּפִשְׁתָּן שֶׁלֹּא נִדַּק וְלֹא נִפֵּץ, כְּשֵׁרָה, דְּעֵץ בְּעָלְמָא הוּא; אֲבָל אִם נִדַּק וְנִפֵּץ, פְּסוּלָה.
4 Flax that was not ground or crushed is valid, because it is just a tree. However, if it was ground or crush, it is invalid.
ה בַּחֲבָלִים שֶׁל פִּשְׁתָּן, פְּסוּלָה; שֶׁל גֶּמִי וְשֶׁל סִיב, כְּשֵׁרָה.
5 Ropes made of flax are invalid. If they were made of reed-grass or palm-tree bast they are valid.
ו בְּמַחְצֶלֶת שֶׁל קָנִים וְקַשׁ וְשִׁפָּה וְגֶמִי, בֵּין שֶׁהִיא חֲלָקָה שֶׁהִיא רְאוּיָה לִשְׁכִיבָה, בֵּין שֶׁאֵינָהּ חֲלָקָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ רְאוּיָה לִשְׁכִיבָה, אִם הִיא קְטַנָּה, סְתָמָא עוֹמֶדֶת לִשְׁכִיבָה וּמְקַבֶּלֶת טֻמְאָה וְאֵין מְסַכְּכִין בָּהּ, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן עֲשָׂאָהּ לְסִכּוּךְ. הַגָּה: דְּהַיְנוּ שֶׁרֹב בְּנֵי אוֹתָהּ הָעִיר עוֹשִׂין אוֹתָהּ לְסִכּוּךְ (הָרֹא"שׁ פ"ק דְּסֻכָּה); וְאִם הִיא גְּדוֹלָה, סְתָמָא עוֹמֶדֶת לְסִכּוּךְ וּמְסַכְּכִין בָּהּ, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן עֲשָׂאָהּ לִשְׁכִיבָה דְּהַיְנוּ שֶׁמִּנְהַג הַמָּקוֹם לִשְׁכַּב עָלֶיהָ; וְהָנֵי מִילֵי שֶׁאֵין לָהּ שָׂפָה, אֲבָל אִם יֵשׁ לָהּ שָׂפָה בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁרְאוּיָה לְקַבֵּל, אֲפִלּוּ אִם נִטַּל שְׂפָתָהּ אֵין מְסַכְּכִין בָּהּ. הַגָּה: בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לִקְבֹּעַ מַחְצְלָאוֹת בַּגַּגִּין כְּעֵין תִּקְרָה, אֵין מְסַכְּכִין בָּהֶם (כָּל בּוֹ).
6 Regarding a mat made of reeds, straw, papyrus, or bulrushes, whether or not the mat is smooth and thus fit to lie on or not smooth and not fit to lie on, if it is small, it is presumably intended to be lied on and is thus susceptible to ritual impurity and may not be used as schach, unless it was made to be schach. Rema: That is, the majority of the city residents make them for schach (Ros"h chapter 1 of Sukkah). If it is large, it is presumably intended to be schach and may be used for schach, unless it was made for lying on (meaning that the local practice is to lay on it). This is so if it does not have a rim. But if it has a rim and could thus serve as a receptacle, even if the rim is removed it may not be used as schach. Rema: In a place where it is customary to affix a mat to a roof like a kind of ceiling, it may not be used for schach (Kol Bo).
ז יֵשׁ לְהִסְתַּפֵּק אִם מֻתָּר לְהַנִּיחַ סֻלָּם עַל הַגַּג כְּדֵי לְסַכֵּךְ עַל גַּבָּיו. הַגָּה: וְלָכֵן אֵין לְסַכֵּךְ עָלָיו; וַאֲפִלּוּ לְהַנִּיחוֹ עַל הַסְּכָךְ לְהַחֲזִיקוֹ, אָסוּר; וְהוּא הַדִּין בְּכָל כְּלִי הַמְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה, כְּגוֹן סַפְסָל וְכִסֵּא שֶׁמְּקַבְּלִין טֻמְאָה מִדְרָס (מַהֲרִי"ל).
7 It is questionable whether it is permitted to lay a ladder on the roof so that the schach can be placed upon it. Rema: Therefore, we do not put schach on it. Even laying it on the schach in order to hold it in place is forbidden. This is the law for any object that is susceptible to ritual impurity, such as a bench and a chair that receive midras uncleanness (Maharil).
ח לְחַבֵּר כְּלֻנְסָאוֹת הַסֻכָּה בְּמַסְמְרוֹת שֶׁל בַּרְזֶל אוֹ לְקָשְׁרָם בִּבְלָאוֹת (פֵּרוּשׁ חֲתִיכוֹת שֶׁל בְּגָדִים בְּלוּיִים) שֶׁהֵם מְקַבְּלִים טֻמְאָה, אֵין קְפֵידָא.
8 Attaching the beams of the sukkah with iron nails or tying them with cloths (meaning pieces of worn clothing) that are susceptible to ritual impurity is not a problem.
ט כָּל מִינֵי אֳכָלִין מְקַבְּלִים טֻמְאָה וְאֵין מְסַכְּכִין בָּהֶם.
9 All foods are susceptible to ritual impurity and may not be used as schach.
י עַנְפֵי תְּאֵנָה וּבָהֶם תְּאֵנִים, וּזְמוֹרוֹת וּבָהֶם עֲנָבִים, אִם פְּסֹלֶת מְרֻבָּה עַל הָאֹכֶל מְסַכְּכִין בָּהֶם; וְאִם לָאו אֵין מְסַכְּכִין בָּהֶם; וְאִם קְצָרָם לְאֹכֶל, יֵשׁ לַיָּדַיִם תּוֹרַת אֹכֶל לְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהֵא פְּסֹלֶת כְּדֵי לְבַטֵּל הָאֹכֶל וְהַיָּד; וְאִם קְצָרָם לְסִכּוּךְ, אָז אֵין לַיָּדַיִם תּוֹרַת אֹכֶל וְאַדְּרַבָּה הֵם מִצְטָרְפִים עִם הַפְּסֹלֶת לְבַטֵּל הָאֹכֶל; וְאִם קְצָרָם לְאֹכֶל וְנִמְלַךְ עֲלֵיהֶם לְסִכּוּךְ, אֵין מַחְשָׁבָה מוֹצִיאָה הַיָּדוֹת מִתּוֹרַת אֹכֶל עַד שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה בָּהֶם מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנִּכָּר שֶׁרוֹצֶה אוֹתָם לְסִכּוּךְ, כְּגוֹן שֶׁיָּדוּשׁ אוֹתָם.
10 Concerning fig branches that have figs on them and vines that have grapes on them, if the non-food is more than the food, they may be used as schach. Otherwise, they may not be used as schach. If they were harvested for food, the handles are considered food with respect to receiving impurity and the non-food needs to be enough to nullify both the food and the handles. If they were harvested for schach, the handles are not considered food and, on the contrary, they can be combined with the waste to nullify the food. If they were harvested for food and then one decided to use them as schach, this thought does not remove the handles from being considered food until an action is done with them to show that they are intended to be used for schach, like threshing them.
יא מְסַכְּכִין בפי"נוגו הַנִּקְרָא בְּעַרְבִי שֻׁמָּר וְהוּא מַאֲכַל בְּהֵמָה וְאֵין בְּנֵי אָדָם אוֹכְלִים אוֹתוֹ אֶלָּא לִרְפוּאָה (רַבֵּנוּ יְרוּחָם נ"ח ח"ב וְכָל בּוֹ).
11 One may use befinogo, which is called "shomer" in Arabic, for s'chach. It is animal food that a person only consumes as medicine (Rabbeinu Yerucham 8:2, Kol Bo).
יב סִכֵּךְ בִּירָקוֹת שֶׁמְּמַהֲרִין לִיבַשׁ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁפְּסוּלִים לִסְכָךְ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמְּקַבְּלִים טֻמְאָה, אֵין דִּינָם כִּסְכָךְ פָּסוּל לִפְסֹל בְּאַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים, אֶלָּא כַּאֲוִיר חֲשִׁיבֵי לִפְסֹל בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה; וְאִם אֵין דַּרְכָּם לִיבַשׁ, דִּינָם כִּסְכָךְ פָּסוּל וּפוֹסְלִים בְּד' טְפָחִים. הַגָּה: וְכָל מַה שֶּׁדַּרְכּוֹ לִיבַשׁ תּוֹךְ שִׁבְעָה, מִיָּד דַּיְנִינָן לֵיהּ כְּאִלּוּ הוּא יָבֵשׁ (רַ"ן פ"ק דְּסֻכָּה), וְהָוֵי אֲוִיר וּפוֹסֵל בּוֹ אֲפִלּוּ מִן הַצַּד (הַגָּהוֹת מַיְמוֹנִי פ"ה דְּסֻכָּה).
12 If one used vegetables that dry out quickly as schach, even though they are invalid schach because they are susceptible to ritual impurity, they are not like invalid schach, which invalidates in four tefachim. Rather, they are like the open air, which disqualifies in three tefachim. If they do not dry out, they are treated the same as invalid schach and invalidate in four tefachim. Rema: Anything which customarily dries within seven days is considered dry from the outset (R"an chapter 1 of Sukkah) and is treated like air and invalidates in three tefachim, even at the edge [of the sukkah] (Hagahot Maimoni chapter 4 of Sukkah).
יג כָּל דָּבָר הַמְחֻבָּר אֵין מְסַכְּכִין בּוֹ וְדִינוֹ כְּדִין הָאִילָן.
13 One may not use a substance that is [still] connected to the ground as schach and it is treated the same as a tree.
יד יֵשׁ דְּבָרִים שֶׁאָסְרוּ חֲכָמִים לְסַכֵּךְ בָּהֶם לְכַתְּחִלָּה, וְהֵם מִינֵי עֲשָׂבִים שֶׁאֵינָם רְאוּיִם לַאֲכִילָה וְאֵינָם מְקַבְּלִין טֻמְאָה, וְרֵיחָם רַע אוֹ שֶׁנּוֹשְׁרִים עֲלֵיהֶן, דְּחַיְישִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁרֵיחָן רַע אוֹ שֶׁעֲלֵיהֶן נוֹשְׁרִים יֵצֵא מִן הַסֻכָּה.
14 There are things that our Sages forbade to be used as schach initially: certain types of grass that are not fit to be eaten and are not susceptible to ritual impurity that have a bad smell or whose leaves fall from them. We are worried that a person may leave the sukkah because of the unpleasant smell or because of the falling leaves.
טו וְכֵן אָסוּר לְסַכֵּךְ בַּחֲבִילָה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁפְּעָמִים שֶׁאָדָם מַנִּיחַ חֲבִילָתוֹ עַל גַּג הַסֻכָּה לְיַבְּשָׁהּ וְאַחַר כָּךְ נִמְלָךְ עָלֶיהָ לְשֵׁם סֻכָּה, וְאוֹתָהּ סֻכָּה פְּסוּלָה מִשּׁוּם תַּעֲשֶׂה וְלֹא מִן הֶעָשׂוּי בְּפִסוּל, וְגָזְרוּ עַל כָּל חֲבִילָה אָטוּ זֹאת; וְכֵיוָן שֶׁמִּפְּנֵי זֶה אֲסָרוּהוּ, לֹא הֻצְרְכוּ לֶאֱסֹר אֶלָּא בַּחֲבִילָה שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ לְיַבְּשָׁהּ, וְאֵין זֶה בְּפָחוֹת מִכ"ה קָנִים, הִלְכָּךְ כָּל חֲבִילָה שֶׁהִיא פְּחוּתָהּ מִכ"ה קָנִים, מֻתָּר לְסַכֵּךְ בָּהּ; וְאִם כ"ה קָנִים אוֹ יוֹתֵר הַבָּאִים מִגֶּזַע אֶחָד, וּקְשָׁרָם בְּרֹאשָׁם הַשֵּׁנִי, אֵינָהּ נִקְרֵאת חֲבִילָה כֵּיוָן שֶׁעִקָּרָן אֶחָד; וְאִם אָגַד עִמָּהֶם קָנֶה אֶחָד וְיֵשׁ בֵּין שְׁנֵיהֶם כ"ה, הַוְיָא חֲבִילָה. הַגָּה: וְכָל חֲבִילָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ קְשׁוּרָה מִשְּׁנֵי רָאשֶׁיהָ שֶׁיְּכוֹלִין לְטַלְטְלָהּ כָּךְ, אֵינָהּ חֲבִילָה, וּמֻתָּר לְסַכֵּךְ בָּהּ (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם הַפּוֹסְקִים).
15 Similarly, one may not use bundles as schach because sometimes a person may put his bundles on the roof of the sukkah to dry them and afterward decide to use them for the sukkah. This sukkah is invalid due to the principle of "'Make' not from that which was already made" invalidly. A decree was made regarding every bundle due to this situation. Because this prohibition was enacted only due to this reason, it was only necessary to prohibit the use of bundles that are commonly left to dry out: those that have no fewer than 25 sticks in them. Bundles of fewer than 25 sticks may be used as schach. If the 25 or more sticks come out of one stem, but they are separate at the other end and bound together there, this is not considered a bundle because they have the same root. If an additional stick was tied to them and together they are 25 sticks, it is a bundle. Rema: Any bundle that is not tied on both ends such that it can be carried is not a bundle and can be used as schach (Beis Yosef in the name of halakhic authorities).
טז חֲבִילָה שֶׁאֵין קוֹשְׁרִים אוֹתָהּ אֶלָּא לְמָכְרָהּ בְּמִנְיָן וּמִיָּד כְּשֶׁיִּקְנֶנָּה הַקּוֹנֶה יַתִּירֶנָּה, אֵינָהּ חֲבִילָה.
16 If a bundle was tied for the purpose of selling it in a certain quantity, and a buyer unties them immediately upon purchasing it, it is not considered a bundle.
יז אִם סִכֵּךְ בַּחֲבִילָה, וְהִתִּירָהּ, כְּשֵׁרָה כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵין אִסוּרָהּ אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם גְּזֵרָה; אֲבָל חֲבִילָה שֶׁהֶעֱלָה לְיַבֵּשׁ וְנִמְלַךְ עָלֶיהָ לְסִכּוּךְ, שֶׁפְּסוּלָה מִן הַתּוֹרָה, אֵינָהּ נִתֶּרֶת בְּהַתָּרָה אֶלָּא צְרִיכָה נִעְנוּעַ.
17 If one uses a bundle as schach and unties it, it is valid, because the prohibition was only due to a decree. If, however, one placed a bundle on the sukkah to dry, and then decided decided to use it for schach, it is invalid by Torah Law. It does not become permitted by untying it except if one moves it.
יח וְכֵן אָסְרוּ לְסַכֵּךְ בִּנְסָרִים שֶׁרָחְבָּן אַרְבָּעָה, אֲפִלּוּ הֲפָכָן עַל צִדָּן שֶׁאֵין בָּהֶם אַרְבָּעָה; וְאִם אֵין בְּרָחְבָּן אַרְבָּעָה, כְּשֵׁרִים, אֲפִלּוּ הֵם מְשֻׁפִּים שֶׁדּוֹמִים לְכֵלִים, וְנָהֲגוּ שֶׁלֹּא לְסַכֵּךְ בָּהֶם כְּלָל.
18 Similarly, they prohibited using boards that are [at least] four tefachim wide as schach, even they are placed on their sides that are less than four tefachim wide. If their width is less than four tefachim they are valid, even if they are filed down to resemble tools. And our custom is not to use them as schach at all.
יט פֵּרַס עָלֶיהָ סָדִין מִפְּנֵי הַחַמָּה, אוֹ תַּחְתֶּיהָ מִפְּנֵי הַנְּשָׁר, כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיוּ עָלִין וְקִסְמִין נוֹשְׁרִים עַל שֻׁלְחָנוֹ, פְּסוּלָה; אֲבָל אִם לֹא פֵּרַס אֶלָּא לְנָאוֹתָהּ, כְּשֵׁרָה וְהוּא שֶׁיְּהֵא בְּתוֹךְ ד' לַסְכָךְ; וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁסֻכָּה שֶׁהִיא מְסֻכֶּכֶת כְּהִלְכָתָהּ וְיָרֵא שֶׁמָּא יִיבַשׁ הַסְכָךְ אוֹ יִשְּׁרוּ הֶעָלִין וְתִהְיֶה חַמָּתָהּ מְרֻבָּה מִצִּלָּתָהּ, וּפֵרַס עָלֶיהָ סָדִין שֶׁלֹּא תִּתְיַבֵּשׁ, אוֹ תַּחְתֶּיהָ שֶׁלֹּא יִשְּׁרוּ הֶעָלִין, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהַסָדִין גּוֹרֵם שֶׁעַל יָדוֹ צִלָּתָהּ מְרֻבָּה מֵחַמָּתָהּ, פְּסוּלָה; אֲבָל אִם לֹא כִּוֵּן בִּפְרִיסַת הַסָדִין אֶלָּא לְהָגֵן מִפְּנֵי הַחַמָּה וְהֶעָלִין, אוֹ לְנָאוֹתָהּ, כְּשֵׁרָה וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיְּהֵא בְּתוֹךְ אַרְבַּע לַסְכָךְ; וּמִיהוּ לְכַתְּחִלָּה לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הוּא נִכָּר לַכֹּל שֶׁמְּכַוֵּן כְּדֵי לְהָגֵן אוֹ שֶׁהוּא שָׁרוּי בְּמַיִם, שֶׁאָז נִכָּר לַכֹּל שֶׁאֵינוֹ שׁוֹטְחוֹ שָׁם אֶלָּא לִיבַשׁ.
19 If one spread a sheet over [the schach] due to the sun or under it due to the falling leaves — that is, so that leaves and shavings don't end up on the table — it is invalid. However, if it was only spread for decoration, it is valid, as long as it is within four [tefachim] of the schach. There are those who say that if a sukkah is properly schached and there is fear that it will the schach will dry out or leaves will fall and the sunlit area will be more than the shaded area, they spread a sheet over it so that it fall not dry out or under it so that the leaves will not fall, because the sheet ensures that the shade will be greater than the sun, it is invalid. However, if in spreading the sheet, the only intention was to protect from the sun or the leaves or to decorate, it is valid, as long as it is within four [tefachim] of the schach. However, preferably this should not be done unless it is obvious that the intention is to protect or it is soaked in water such that it is obvious to everyone that it is spread out to dry.