Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim Siman 98

Siman 98

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א הַמִּתְפַּלֵּל צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּכַוֵּן בְּלִבּוֹ פֵּרוּשׁ הַמִּלּוֹת שֶׁמּוֹצִיא בִּשְׂפָתָיו; וְיַחֲשֹׁב כְּאִלּוּ שְׁכִינָה כְּנֶגְדּוֹ; וְיָסִיר כָּל הַמַּחְשָׁבוֹת הַטּוֹרְדוֹת אוֹתוֹ עַד שֶׁתִּשָּׁאֵר מַחְשַׁבְתּוֹ וְכַוָּנָתוֹ זַכָּה בִּתְפִלָּתוֹ; וְיַחֲשֹׁב כְּאִלּוּ הָיָה מְדַבֵּר לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם הָיָה מְסַדֵּר דְּבָרָיו וּמְכַוֵּן בָּהֶם יָפֶה לְבַל יִכָּשֵׁל, קַל וָחֹמֶר לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הָקָּבָּ"ה שֶׁהוּא חוֹקֵר כָּל הַמַּחְשָׁבוֹת. וְכָךְ הָיוּ עוֹשִׂים חֲסִידִים וְאַנְשֵׁי מַעֲשֶׂה, שֶׁהָיוּ מִתְבּוֹדְדִים וּמְכַוְּנִין בִּתְפִלָּתָם עַד שֶׁהָיוּ מַגִּיעִים לְהִתְפַּשְּׁטוּת הַגַּשְׁמוּת וּלְהִתְגַּבְּרוּת כֹּחַ הַשִּׂכְלִי, עַד שֶׁהָיוּ מַגִּיעִים קָרוֹב לְמַעֲלַת הַנְּבוּאָה. וְאִם תָּבֹא לוֹ מַחְשָׁבָה אַחֶרֶת בְּתוֹךְ הַתְּפִלָּה, יִשְׁתֹּק עַד שֶׁתִּתְבַּטֵּל הַמַּחְשָׁבָה. וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁיַּחֲשֹׁב בִּדְבָרִים הַמַּכְנִיעִים הַלֵּב וּמְכַוְּנִים אוֹתוֹ לְאָבִיו שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם, וְלֹא יַחֲשֹׁב בִּדְבָרִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶם קַלּוּת רֹאשׁ. הַגָּה: וְיַחֲשֹׁב קֹדֶם הַתְּפִלָּה בְּרוֹמְמוּת הָאֵל יִתְעַלֶּה וּבְשִׁפְלוּת הָאָדָם, וְיָסִיר כָּל תַּעֲנוּגֵי הָאָדָם מִלִּבּוֹ (הר"י רֵישׁ פֶּרֶק אֵין עוֹמְדִין). וְאָסוּר לְאָדָם לְנַשֵּׁק בָּנָיו הַקְּטַנִּים בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת, כְּדֵי לִקְבֹּעַ בְּלִבּוֹ שֶׁאֵין אַהֲבָה כְּאַהֲבַת הַמָּקוֹם בָּרוּךְ הוּא (בִּנְיָמִין זְאֵב סי' קס"ג וַאֲגֻדָּה פ' כֵּיצַד מְבָרְכִין).
1 One Needs to Have Concentration While Praying, containing 5 s'ifim: One who prays needs to concentrate on the meaning of the words which one brings forth from one's mouth. One should consider [it] as if the Divine Presence is opposite one, and remove all distracting thoughts from one, until one's thought and intention remain purely about one's prayer. And one should consider [it] as if one were speaking to before a king of flesh and blood, and one were organizing one's words beautifully and concentrating on them so as not to stumble, all the more [one should do so] before the King of kings of kings, the Holy One, who is Blessed, who examines all thoughts. And so did the pious ones and the men of action, who would seclude themselves and concentrate on their prayers until they would transcend [their] corporeality and strengthen [their] mental power, until nearly arriving at the level of prophecy. And if another thought comes to one in the midst of the prayer, one should be silent until the thought is eliminated. And one should think about things that humble the heart and concentrate it on one's Father in Heaven, and not think about things that contain levity ("light-headedness"). Rema: Before prayer, one should think about the loftiness of God who is raised up and the lowliness of humanity, and remove all human pleasures from one's heart (Ri, beginning of chapter "Ein Om'din" [Berachot Chapter 5]). And it is forbidden for a person to kiss one's small children in synagogue, in order to fix in one's heart that there is no love like the love of the Omnipresent Who is Blessed (Binyomin Ze'ev siman 163 and Agudah Chapter "Keitzad Mevarchin" [Berachot Chapter 6]).
ב לֹא יִתְפַּלֵּל בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁיֵּשׁ דָּבָר שֶׁמְּבַטֵּל כַּוָּנָתוֹ, וְלֹא בְּשָׁעָה הַמְבַטֶּלֶת כַּוָּנָתוֹ, (טוּר בְּשֵׁם ר"מ מֵרוֹטֶנְבֶּרְג הגה"מ פ"ד מֵהִלְכוֹת תְּפִלָּה). וְעַכְשָׁו אֵין אָנוּ נִזְהָרִין בְּכָל זֶה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵין אָנוּ מְכַוְּנִים כָּל כָּךְ בַּתְּפִלָּה.
2 One should not pray in a place where there is something that negates one's concentration, and not at a time that negates one's concentration [Tur in the name of R. Meir of Rothenburg, Hagahot Maimoni on Chapter 4 from the Laws of Prayer]. And nowadays we are not careful with all of this since we are not able to concentrate so much during prayer.
ג יִתְפַּלֵּל דֶּרֶךְ תַּחֲנוּנִים, כְּרָשׁ הַמְבַקֵּשׁ בַּפֶּתַח, וּבְנַחַת, וְשֶׁלֹּא תֵּרָאֶה עָלָיו כְּמַשָּׁא וּמְבַקֵּשׁ לִפָּטֵר מִמֶּנָּה.
3 One should pray in a manner of supplications, like a homeless man who asks [for something] at [someone's] entrance. And [one should pray] at a relaxed pace, so that it should not appear as a burden from which one is seeking to be exempted.
ד הַתְּפִלָּה הִיא בִּמְקוֹם הַקָּרְבָּן, וּלְכָךְ צָרִיךְ לִזָּהֵר שֶׁתְּהֵא דֻּגְמַת הַקָּרְבָּן בְּכַוָּנָה וְלֹא יְעָרֵב בָּהּ מַחְשָׁבָה אַחֶרֶת, כְּמוֹ מַחְשָׁבָה שֶׁפּוֹסֶלֶת בַּקָּדָשִׁים; וּמְעֻמָּד, דּוּמְיָא דַּעֲבוֹדָה; וּקְבִיעוּת מָקוֹם כְּמוֹ הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת, שֶׁכָּל אֶחָד קָבוּעַ מְקוֹמוֹ לִשְׁחִיטָתוֹ וּמַתַּן דָּמָיו, וְשֶׁלֹּא יָחֹץ דָּבָר בֵּינוֹ לַקִּיר, דּוּמְיָא דְּקָרְבָּן שֶׁהַחֲצִיצָה פּוֹסֶלֶת בֵּינוֹ לַכְּלִי; וְרָאוּי שֶׁיִּהְיוּ לוֹ מַלְבּוּשִׁים נָאִים מְיֻחָדִים לַתְּפִלָּה, כְּגוֹן בִּגְדֵי כְּהֻנָּה, אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין כָּל אָדָם יָכוֹל לְבַזְבֵּז עַל זֶה; וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם טוֹב הוּא שֶׁיִּהְיוּ לוֹ מִכְנָסַיִם מְיֻחָדִים לַתְּפִלָּה, מִשּׁוּם נְקִיּוּת.
4 The prayer [i.e. Amidah] is in place of the sacrifice (korban), and therefore one must be careful that it resemble the sacrifice with respect to intention, and not let another thought mix in, similar to an unrelated thought which would nullify the sacred offerings. And [prayer must be recited] standing, like the service [in the Temple]; and in a fixed place like the sacrifices, where each one had a fixed place for its slaughter and the sprinkling of its blood; and that nothing should separate between one and the wall [during prayer - see Orach Chayyim 90:21], similar to sacrifices where any interposition between it and the vessel would nullify it. And it is appropriate that one should have special nice garments for prayer, like the clothing of the kohanim, even though not everyone is able to spend the money on this; nevertheless, it is appropriate to have special pants for prayer, for the sake of cleanliness.
ה אַל יַחֲשֹׁב: רָאוּי הוּא שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה הָקָּבָּ"ה בַּקָּשָׁתוֹ כֵּיוָן שֶׁכִּוַּנְתִּי בִּתְפִלָּתִי, כִּי אַדְּרַבָּה זֶה מַזְכִּיר עֲוֹנוֹתָיו שֶׁל אָדָם (שֶׁעַל יְדֵי כָּךְ מְפַשְׁפְּשִׁין בְּמַעֲשָׂיו לוֹמַר בָּטוּחַ הוּא בִּזְכֻיּוֹתָיו), אֶלָּא יַחֲשֹׁב שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה הָקָּבָּ"ה בְּחַסְדּוֹ. וְיֹאמַר בְּלִבּוֹ: מִי אֲנִי, דַּל וְנִבְזֶה, בָּא לְבַקֵּשׁ מֵאֵת מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אִם לֹא מֵרֹב חֲסָדָיו שֶׁהוּא מִתְנַהֵג בָּהֶם עִם בְּרִיוֹתָיו.
5 One should not think "It is fitting that the Holy One Who is Blessed should fulfill my request, since I concentrated well during my prayer", because on the contrary: this recalls a person's sins (since by doing so, they scrutinize one's deeds to say one's merits are certain). Rather, one should think that Holy One Who is Blessed will fulfill [one's request] because of His kindness, and one should say in one's heart "Who am I, lowly and despised, [that I would be allowed to] come to request from the King of the Kings of Kings, the Holy One Who is Blessed if not for His tremendous kindnesses - that He is accustomed [to doing] them with His creations".
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