Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah Siman 194

Siman 194

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א יוֹלֶדֶת, אֲפִלּוּ לֹא רָאֲתָה דָּם, טְמֵאָה כְּנִדָּה; בֵּין יָלְדָה חַי, בֵּין יַלְדָּה מֵת וַאֲפִלּוּ נֵפֶל. וְכַמָּה הֵם יְמֵי טֻמְאָתָהּ, עַכְשָׁו בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה כָּל הַיּוֹלְדוֹת חֲשׁוּבוֹת יוֹלְדוֹת בְּזוֹב וּצְרִיכוֹת לִסְפֹּר שִׁבְעָה נְקִיִּים; נִמְצֵאתָ אוֹמֵר שֶׁיּוֹלֶדֶת זָכָר יוֹשֶׁבֶת ז' לַלֵּדָה וְז' לִנְקִיִּים לְזִיבָה, וְהַיּוֹלֶדֶת נְקֵבָה יוֹשֶׁבֶת שְׁבוּעַיִם לַלֵּדָה וְז' נְקִיִּים לְזִיבָה. יְמֵי לֵדָה, שֶׁהֵם ז' לְזָכָר וְי"ד לִנְקֵבָה, אִם לֹא רָאֲתָה בָּהֶן עוֹלִים לִסְפִירַת זִיבָתָהּ; וְאִם שָׁלְמוּ ז' נְקִיִּים בְּתוֹךְ י"ד לִנְקֵבָה, הֲרֵי זוֹ אֲסוּרָה עַד לֵיל ט"ו; וְאִם טָבְלָה קֹדֶם לָכֵן, לֹא עָלְתָה לָהּ טְבִילָה. הַגָּה: וּלְאַחַר ז' לְזָכָר וְי"ד לִנְקֵבָה, מֻתֶּרֶת לְבַעֲלָהּ מִיָּד, מֵאַחַר שֶׁסָּפְרָה ז' נְקִיִּים וְלֹא חָזְרָה וְרָאֲתָה. מִיהוּ יֵשׁ מְקוֹמוֹת שֶׁנּוֹהֲגִין שֶׁאֵין טוֹבְלִין תּוֹךְ מ' לְזָכָר וּשְׁמוֹנִים לִנְקֵבָה, (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם מהרי"ק שֶׁהֵבִיא הַתַּנְיָא וּבַאֲגֻדָּה פֶּרֶק ע"פ ובמהרי"ל), וְאֵין לְהַתִּיר בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לְהַחְמִיר (ריב"ש); אֲבָל בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין מִנְהָג, אֵין לְהַחְמִיר כְּלָל רַק מִיָּד שֶׁלֹּא רָאֲתָה דָּם אַחַר ז' לְזָכָר וְי"ד לִנְקֵבָה וְסָפְרָה ז' נְקִיִּים, מֻתֶּרֶת לְבַעֲלָהּ (ת"ה סִימָן רנ"ה). אֲבָל אִם חָזְרָה וְרָאֲתָה, אֲפִלּוּ טִפַּת דָּם כְּחַרְדָּל, טְמֵאָה אַף עַל גַּב דְּמִדְּאוֹרַיְתָא דָּם טָהוֹר הוּא כְּבַר פָּשַׁט הַמִּנְהָג בְּכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁאֵין בּוֹעֲלִין עַל דָּם טָהוֹר (בֵּית יוֹסֵף וְאָגוּר וְטוּר וּפוֹסְקִים בְּשֵׁם הַגְּאוֹנִים), וְדִינוֹ כִּשְׁאָר דָּם לְכָל דָּבָר.
1 A woman giving birth: even if she has not seen blood, is ritually impure as though she were a menstruating woman; whether she delivered a live child, or whether she delivered a stillborn child and even if she miscarried. And how many are the days of her ritual impurity? Now, in this time, all of the childbearers are considered as those delivering in a flow and require to count seven clean days; it follows to say that one who delivers a male sits seven for the birth and seven clean (day)s for the blood-flow, and one who delivers a female sits two weeks for the birth and seven clean (day)s for the blood flow. The days of birth, which are 7 for a male and 14 for a female, if she did not see (any blood) on them, they count for the accounting of her blood-flow; and if seven clean days are completed within the 14 for a female child, such a woman is forbidden until the night of the 15th (day); and if she had immersed prior to that, the immersion does not count for her. Rema: And after 7 for a male and 14 for a female, she is permitted to her husband immediately, on account of the fact that she had counted seven clean (day)s and she did not further see (blood-flow). Nevertheless, there are places where the custom is that they do not immerse within 40 (days) for a male and 80 for a female (Beit Yosef citing the Mahari"k, who brought the tanya, and in the Agudah ch. A"P (Arvei Pesachim?) and in the Mahari"l), and one ought not be lenient in a place where they were accustomed to be stringent (Riv"sh); but in a place where there were no set custom, one ought not be strict at all - just as soon as she has not seen blood after the seven for a male and fourteen for a female, and has counted seven clean days, she is permitted to her husband (T"H - Torat haAdam? - section 255). But if she has once again seen, even a drop of blood the size of a mustard seed, she is ritually impure - even though according to biblical ruling it is pure blood - the custom has already spread throughout all of Israel that we do not engage in sexual relations over pure blood (Beit Yosef, and Agur, and Tur, and decisors citing the geonim), and its ruling is like the other cases of blood in every way.
ב הַמַּפֶּלֶת בְּתוֹךְ מ' אֵינָהּ חוֹשֶׁשֶׁת לְוָלָד אֲבָל חוֹשֶׁשֶׁת מִשּׁוּם נִדָּה, אֲפִלּוּ לֹא רָאֲתָה. הַגָּה: מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לִפְתִיחַת הַקֶּבֶר בְּלֹא דָּם, וְנָפְקָא מִינָהּ דְּמִיָּד לְאַחַר שֶׁסָּפְרָה ז' נְקִיִּים מֻתֶּרֶת וְאֵינָהּ חוֹשֶׁשֶׁת לַוָּלָד (ד"ע).
2 One who miscarries within (the first) forty (days of pregnancy) - she should have no concerns for (status of delivering) a birth but does have concerns as regards menstruation, even if she has not seen (blood). Rema: Since there opening of the "grave" without blood is by definition impossible, and we derive from this that immediately after she has counted seven clean (day)s, she is permitted, and she need have no concern for delivering (d"'a).
ג הַמַּפֶּלֶת כְּמִין בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וָעוֹף אוֹ כְּמִין דָּגִים וַחֲגָבִים וּשְׁקָצִים וּרְמָשִׂים, וְכָל צוּרַת וָלָד, אוֹ שָׁפִיר אוֹ שִׁלְיָא אוֹ חֲתִיכָה שֶׁקְּרָעוּהָ וְיֵשׁ בָּהּ עֶצֶם עַכְשָׁיו שֶׁאֵין אָנוּ בְּקִיאִין בְּצוּרוֹת, חוֹשֶׁשֶׁת לְוָלָד; וְאִם כָּלוּ ז' נְקִיִּים בְּתוֹךְ י"ד יוֹם, אִם טָבְלָה קֹדֶם לֵיל ט"ו לֹא עָלְתָה לָהּ טְבִילָה.
3 One who miscarries (a fetus with an appearance) like some sort of animal, beast or bird; like fishes or grasshoppers or creeping or crawling things, and any appearance of delivered child, whether amniotic sac or placenta or a piece that when they tore it there was a bone inside - now that we are not expert in (varied embryonic) forms, she should be concerned that it was a (potentially viable) delivered child; and if seven clean days were completed within fourteen days, if she had immersed prior to the night of the fifteenth, the immersion did not count for her.
ד יָלְדָה וָלָד חַי וְאַחַר כָּךְ הִפִּילָה שִׁלְיָא, אֵינָהּ חוֹשֶׁשֶׁת לְוָלָד אַחֵר, אֶלָּא תּוֹלָה אוֹתָהּ בַּוָּלָד שֶׁיָּלְדָה כְּבָר, עַד כ"ג יוֹם. אֲבָל אִם הִפִּילָה נֵפֶל תְּחִלָּה אֵין תּוֹלִין בּוֹ הַשִּׁלְיָא שֶׁהִפִּילָה אַחַר כָּךְ, וְחוֹשֶׁשֶׁת לַשִּׁלְיָא לִתֵּן לָהּ יְמֵי טֻמְאָה שֶׁל נְקֵבָה.
4 She delivered a quick child and afterwards she delivered a placenta, she need not be concerned regarding an additional delivered child, but rather accounts it to the child that she had already delivered - until 23 days (have passed). But if she miscarried a fetus first, she does not consider to be related to it any placenta that she may deliver after, and she must be concerned for that placenta to give her the days of ritual impurity for (delivering) a female.
ה יָצְאָה הַשִּׁלְיָא תְּחִלָּה, אֵין תּוֹלִין אוֹתָהּ בַּוָּלָד שֶׁתֵּלֵד אַחַר כָּךְ, אֲפִלּוּ הוּא בֶּן קְיָמָא, וְחוֹשֶׁשֶׁת לַשִּׁלְיָא לִתֵּן לָהּ יְמֵי טֻמְאָה שֶׁל נְקֵבָה.
5 If the placenta came out first, we do not account it for the child which she will deliver afterwards, even if it is viable, and we are concerned for the placenta that it gives her days of ritual impurity for (delivery) a female.
ו יָצְאָה מִקְצָת שִׁלְיָא בְּיוֹם רִאשׁוֹן, וְלֹא נִגְמְרָה יְצִיאָתָהּ עַד יוֹם ב', חוֹשֶׁשֶׁת מִיּוֹם רִאשׁוֹן אֲבָל אֵינָהּ מוֹנָה אֶלָּא מִיּוֹם שֵׁנִי.
6 If a bit of the placenta came out on the first day, and did not finish coming out until the second day, she is concerned as of the first day but does not begin counting other than from the second day.
ז הַמַּפֶּלֶת דְּמוּת בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וְעוֹף, וְשִׁלְיָא קְשׁוּרָה בָּהּ, אֵינָהּ חוֹשֶׁשֶׁת לְוָלָד אַחֵר; וְאִם אֵינָהּ קְשׁוּרָה בָּהּ, חוֹשֶׁשֶׁת לְוָלָד אַחֵר; וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַוָּלָד הַנִּדְמֶה זָכָר, חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִתֵּן לָהּ יְמֵי טֻמְאָה שֶׁל נְקֵבָה בִּשְׁבִיל הַשִּׁלְיָא.
7 One who miscarries (a fetus with the) appearance of an animal, a beast or a bird, and it had the placenta attached to it, need not be concerned for any further childbirth; and if it is not attached to it, must be concerned for a further birth; and even though the child appeared to be male, we are concerned to give her days of ritual impurity of a female on account of the placenta.
ח הַיּוֹלֶדֶת טֻמְטוּם אוֹ אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוּס, נוֹתְנִין לָהּ יְמֵי טֻמְאָה שֶׁל נְקֵבָה.
8 If one should deliver a child with no visible sex organs, or a hermaphrodite, we give her the days of ritual impurity of a female child.
ט הִרְגִּישָׁה שֶׁהִפִּילָה וְאֵינָהּ יוֹדַעַת מָה, אֲפִלּוּ לֹא הָיְתָה בְּחֶזְקַת מְעֻבֶּרֶת הֲרֵי זוֹ טְמֵאָה לֵדָה וְחוֹשֶׁשֶׁת שֶׁמָּא נְקֵבָה הָיְתָה.
9 If she felt that she was miscarrying and she did not know what, even if she was not considered likely pregnant - this is (nonetheless) the ritual impurity of birth, and she must be concerned as though it had been female.
י נֶחְתַּךְ הַוָּלָד בְּמֵעֶיהָ וְיָצָא אֵבֶר אֵבֶר, בֵּין שֶׁיָּצָא עַל סֵדֶר הָאֵבָרִים כְּגוֹן שֶׁיָּצָא הָרֶגֶל וְאַחֲרֶיהָ הַשּׁוֹק וְאַחֲרֶיהָ הַיָּרֵךְ, בֵּין שֶׁיָּצָא שֶׁלֹּא עַל הַסֵדֶר, אֵינָהּ טְמֵאָה לֵדָה עַד שֶׁיֵּצֵא רֻבּוֹ; וְאִם יָצָא רֹאשׁוֹ כֻּלּוֹ כְּאֶחָד, הֲרֵי זֶה כְּרֻבּוֹ; וְאִם לֹא נִתְחַתֵּךְ, וְיָצָא כְּדַרְכּוֹ, מִשֶּׁתֵּצֵא פַּדַּחְתּוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה כְּיִלּוֹד אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנֶּחְתַּךְ אַחַר כָּךְ. וְלֹא סוֹף דָּבָר שֶׁיֵּצֵא לַחוּץ מַמָּשׁ, אֶלָּא אֲפִלּוּ מִשֶּׁיָּצָא חוּץ לִפְרוֹזְדוֹר.
10 If the child were dismembered within her and came out a limb at a time, whether it came out in order of the limbs (such as that the foot came first, then the thigh, then the hip) or whether it came out of order, she is not considered ritually birth-impure until most of it has come out; and if the entire head came out as a unit, this is considered as "most of it"; and if had not been dismembered, and came out naturally, once its forehead has emerged it is considered as born even though it may be dismembered thereafter. And the final matter is not that is actually emerged (from her body), but that even if it emerged from the birth canal.
יא הוֹצִיא הָעֻבָּר אֶת יָדוֹ וְהֶחֱזִירָהּ, אִמּוֹ טְמֵאָה לֵדָה.
11 Once the fetus put forth its hand and drew it back, the mother becomes ritually birth-impure.
יב הָיְתָה מַקְשָׁה לֵילֵד וְשָׁמְעָה קוֹלוֹ שֶׁל וָלָד, חָשׁוּב כְּיִלּוֹד שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא הוֹצִיא רֹאשׁוֹ חוּץ לַפְּרוֹזְדוֹר.
12 If the mother was in difficult childbirth and she heard the cry of the baby, it is considered as a born child, because it would be impossible if the baby had not brought its head outside of the birth canal.
יג הַיּוֹלֶדֶת תְּאוֹמִים וְשָׁהָה וָלָד אַחַר חֲבֵרוֹ, כְּגוֹן הָאֶחָד קֹדֶם שְׁקִיעַת הַחַמָּה וְהָאַחֵר אַחַר שְׁקִיעַת הַחַמָּה, מִשֶּׁיָּצָא הָרִאשׁוֹן טְמֵאָה לֵדָה וּמוֹנִין יְמֵי טֻמְאָה מִשֶּׁיֵּצֵא הָאַחֲרוֹן; וְאִם הָרִאשׁוֹן נִכָּר שֶׁהוּא זָכָר וְהַשֵּׁנִי נִכָּר שֶׁהוּא נְקֵבָה, אוֹ שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִכָּר שֵׁנִי זֶה אִם הוּא זָכָר אוֹ נְקֵבָה, מוֹנָה מִשֶּׁיָּצָא הַשֵּׁנִי יְמֵי טֻמְאָה לִנְקֵבָה.
13 If a woman gives birth to twins and one of the babies delays after its fellow is born, such as when one was born before the sun set and the other after the sun set, once the first has emerged - she (the mother) is ritually impure and counts impurity-days from when the last one emerged; and if the first is recognized to be male and the second is recognized to be female, or that it is not recognizable whether the second is male or female, she counts starting from when the second emerged the ritual-impurity days for a female.
יד יוֹצֵא דֹּפֶן, אִם לֹא יָצָא דָּם אֶלָּא דֶּרֶךְ דֹּפֶן, אִמּוֹ טְהוֹרָה מִלֵּדָה וּמִנִּדָּה וּמִזִּיבָה.
14 A Caesarean birth - if no blood emerges, even through her uterine wall, its mother is pure from birth-impurity and from menstruation-impurity and from blood flow-impurity.
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