Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah Siman 216

Siman 216

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א קוּנָם פֵּרוֹת הָאֵלּוּ עָלַי, אָסוּר בְּחִלּוּפֵיהֶם וּבְגִדּוּלֵיהֶם וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר בַּמַּשְׁקִין הַיּוֹצְאִין מֵהֶם, וְכֵן אָסוּר בְּגִדּוּלֵי גִּדּוּלֵיהֶן, אֲבָל חִלּוּפֵי חִלּוּפֵיהֶן מֻתָּרִים, וְאִם הוּא דָּבָר שֶׁזַּרְעוֹ כָּלֶה גִּדּוּלֵי גִּדּוּלָיו מֻתָּרִים; וְכֵן הַדִּין אִם לֹא אָמַר: הָאֵלּוּ, אֶלָּא הָיוּ לְפָנָיו וְאָמַר: קוּנָם הֵם עָלַי. הַגָּה: וְכֶן אִם אָמַר פֵּרוֹת פְּלוֹנִי אוֹ מָקוֹם פְּלוֹנִי הֵם קוּנָם עָלַי, הֲוָה כְּאִלּוּ אָמַר: פֵּרוֹת אֵלּוּ (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם הר"ן).
1 The distinction between one who says "these fruits" and one who does not say "these," and the law of one who vows regarding cooked food (and how we follow the language of the Torah in vows). Konam these fruits are forbidden to me: he is forbidden in their exchanges and in their growths, and needless to say in the liquids that come out of them; he is also forbidden in the growths of the growths, but the exchanges of the exchanges are permitted. And if it is something whose seed is consumed [does not regenerate], the growths of the growths are permitted. The same law applies if he did not say "these" but the fruits were before him and he said "they are konam to me."And likewise, if he said "the fruits of so-and-so" or "of such-and-such a place are konam to me," it is as though he said "these fruits." (Beit Yosef in the name of the Ran.)
ב אָמַר: קוּנָם מַה שֶּׁאֲנִי אוֹכֵל אוֹ טוֹעֵם מֵהֶם, אִם הוּא דָּבָר שֶׁזַּרְעוֹ כָּלֵה כְּגוֹן חִטִּים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָהֶם, מֻתָּר בְּחִלּוּפֵיהֶם וּבְגִדּוּלֵיהֶם; וְאִם הוּא דָּבָר שֶׁאֵין זַרְעוֹ כָּלֵה כְּשֶׁזּוֹרְעִים אוֹתוֹ, כְּגוֹן שׁוּם וּבְצָלִים, אֲפִלּוּ גִּדּוּלֵי גִּדּוּלִין אֲסוּרִים וְכֵן מַשְׁקִים הַיּוֹצְאִים מֵהֶם אֲסוּרִים. וְכֵן אִם אָמַר: קוּנָם פֵּרוֹת הָאֵלּוּ עַל פְּלוֹנִי, אָסוּר בְּחִלּוּפֵיהֶם וּבְגִדּוּלֵיהֶם.
2 If he said "Konam -- what I eat or taste of them": if it is something whose seed is consumed, such as wheat and the like, he is permitted in its exchanges and growths; but if it is something whose seed is not consumed when planted, such as garlic and onions, even the growths of the growths are forbidden, and likewise the liquids that come out of them are forbidden. Similarly, if he said "Konam -- these fruits are upon so-and-so," he is forbidden in their exchanges and growths.
ג אָמַר לְאִשְׁתּוֹ: קוּנָם מַעֲשֵׂה יָדַיִךְ עָלַי, אָסוּר בְּחִלּוּפֵיהֶם וּבְגִדּוּלֵיהֶן. אָמַר: קוּנָם שֶׁאֲנִי אוֹכֵל אוֹ שֶׁאֲנִי טוֹעֵם מִמַּעֲשֵׂה יָדַיִךְ, מֻתָּר בְּחִלּוּפֵיהֶן וּבְגִדּוּלֵיהֶן בְּדָבָר שֶׁזַּרְעוֹ כָּלֵה; אֲבָל בְּדָבָר שֶׁאֵין זַרְעוֹ כָּלֵה, אֲפִלּוּ גִּדּוּלֵי גִּדּוּלִין אֲסוּרִין.
3 If he said to his wife, "Konam -- the work of your hands is forbidden to me," he is forbidden in its exchanges and growths. If he said "Konam -- what I eat or taste of the work of your hands," he is permitted in its exchanges and growths for something whose seed is consumed, but for something whose seed is not consumed, even the growths of the growths are forbidden.
ד אָמַר לַחֲבֵרוֹ: קוּנָם לְבֵיתְךָ שֶׁאֲנִי נִכְנָס, שָׂדְךָ שֶׁאֲנִי לוֹקֵחַ, מֵת אוֹ שֶׁמְּכָרָן אוֹ נְתָנָן לְאַחֵר, מֻתָּר; אֲבָל כָּל שֶׁהוּא בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ, אָסוּר אֲפִלּוּ מְכָרוֹ וְאַחַר כָּךְ קְנָאוֹ אוֹ שֶׁנָּפַל וּבְנָאוֹ, וַאֲפִלּוּ לֹא בְּנָאוֹ בִּמְקוֹמוֹ הָרִאשׁוֹן. הַגָּה: אָמַר לוֹ: קוּנָם בֵּית אָבִי ךָ שֶׁאֵינִי נִכְנָס בּוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמֵּת הָאָב, אָסוּר, דְּכָל יוֹצְאֵי חֲלָצָיו קְרוּיִין בֵּית אָב (מָרְדְּכַי ספ"ק דְּגִטִּין ובא"ע סִימָן קמ"ו ועס"ק י"ב).
4 If he said to his fellow, "Konam your house that I enter," or "your field that I take," and the owner died, or sold it, or gave it to another, it is permitted; but as long as it remains in his possession it is forbidden even if he sold it and later bought it back, or if it fell and he rebuilt it, even if not in its original location.If he said to him, "Konam -- your father's house that I will not enter," even if the father died it remains forbidden, since all his offspring are called "his father's house." (Mordechai, end of first chapter of Gittin; Even HaEzer 146; and below.)
ה אָמַר: קוּנָם לְבַיִת זֶה שֶׁאֲנִי נִכְנָס בּוֹ, אָסוּר בּוֹ לְעוֹלָם בֵּין שֶׁמֵּת אוֹ מְכָרוֹ אוֹ נְתָנוֹ לַאֲחֵרִים; וְאִם נָפַל וּבְנָאוֹ, אֲפִלּוּ בִּמְקוֹמוֹ וּבְמִדָּתוֹ הָרִאשׁוֹנָה, מֻתָּר.
5 If he said "Konam this house that I enter," he is forbidden in it forever, whether the owner died, sold it, or gave it to others; but if it fell and he rebuilt it, even in its exact place and original dimensions, it is permitted.
ו אָמַר: קוּנָם לְבֵיתְךָ זֶה שֶׁאֲנִי נִכְנָס, אָסוּר בּוֹ לְעוֹלָם, בֵּין שֶׁמֵּת אוֹ מְכָרוֹ אוֹ נְתָנוֹ לְאַחֵר בֵּין שֶׁנָּפַל וּבְנָאוֹ. וְיֵשׁ מִי שֶׁמַּתִּיר בְּמֵת אוֹ מְכָרוֹ אוֹ נְתָנוֹ, וְאוֹסֵר בְּנָפַל וּבְנָאוֹ. וְיֵשׁ מִי שֶׁאוֹסֵר בְּזוֹ וּמַתִּיר בְּזוֹ.
6 If he said "Konam your house that I enter" [to the person directly], he is forbidden in it forever, whether he died, sold it, or gave it to another, or whether it fell and he rebuilt it. But some permit it in the case of death, sale, or gift, and forbid it in the case of falling and rebuilding; and some forbid in the one case and permit in the other.
ז אָמַר רְאוּבֵן לְשִׁמְעוֹן: קוּנָם בַּיִת זֶה שֶׁאַתָּה נִכְנָס, וּמֵת אוֹ שֶׁמְּכָרוֹ לְאַחֵר, אָסוּר, שֶׁהָאוֹסֵר דָּבָר שֶׁהוּא שֶׁלּוֹ עַל חֲבֵרוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיָּצָא מֵרְשׁוּתוֹ, הֲרֵי הוּא בְּאִסוּרוֹ עוֹמֵד. אֲבָל אִם אָמַר לוֹ: קוּנָם לְבֵיתִי שֶׁאַתָּה נִכְנָס, אִם מֵת אוֹ מְכָרוֹ אוֹ נְתָנוֹ לְאַחֵר, מֻתָּר. הָאוֹמֵר לִבְנוֹ: הֲרֵי אַתָּה אָסוּר בַּהֲנִיָּתִי, אוֹ שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּע שֶׁלֹּא יֵהָנֶה בּוֹ, אִם מֵת, יִירְשֶׁנּוּ, שֶׁזֶּה כְּאוֹמֵר: נְכָסַי עָלֶיךָ אֲסוּרִין. אֲבָל אִם אָסַר עָלָיו הֲנִיָּתוֹ וּפֵרֵשׁ: בֵּין בְּחַיָּיו בֵּין בְּמוֹתוֹ, אִם מֵת לֹא יִירְשֶׁנּוּ, שֶׁזֶּה כְּאוֹמֵר: נְכָסַי אֵלּוּ עָלֶיךָ אֲסוּרִים. וְע"ל סִימָן רכ"ג. הַגָּה: קָהָל שֶׁנָּדְרוּ כָּל מַה שֶּׁיִּגְבּוּ יִהְיֶה לְצֹרֶךְ בִּנְיַן בֵּית הַכְּנֶסֶת וּבִנְיַן בֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ, יִתְּנוּ מֶחֱצָה לָזֶה וּמֶחֱצָה לָזֶה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא גָּבוּ לְהַסְפִּיק א' מֵהֶם (בֵּית יוֹסֵף סוֹף סִימָן רכ"ח בְּשֵׁם תשו' הָרַשְׁבָּ"א). מִי שֶׁהִשְׁבִּיעַ אֶת בְּנוֹ אוֹ חֲבֵרוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יַלְוֶה מְעוֹתָיו לַאֲחֵרִים אִם לֹא בִּרְשׁוּת רְאוּבֵן וְשִׁמְעוֹן, וּמֵת אֶחָד מֵהֶם, מֻתָּר לְהַלְווֹת בִּרְשׁוּת הָאֶחָד, דְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר פְּלוֹנִי וּפְלוֹנִי מַשְׁמָע אֲפִלּוּ אֶחָד מֵהֶם, עַד שֶׁיִּפְרֹט לְ ךָ שְׁנֵיהֶם בְּיַחַד (בֵּית יוֹסֵף סי' רכ"ח דַּף ע"ב ע"ד בְּשֵׁם תְּשׁוּבַת הָרַשְׁבָּ"א). מִי שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּע לְאִשָּׁה הַמְשֻׁדֶּכֶת לוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יִשָּׂא אִשָּׁה עָלֶיהָ, וְקֹדֶם שֶׁכְּנָסָהּ נָפְלָה לוֹ יְבָמָה, מֻתָּר לְיַבְּמָהּ, דִּלְשׁוֹן עָלֶיהָ אֵינָהּ בְּמַשְׁמָע אֶלָּא אִם נְשָׂאָה תְּחִלָּה. וְלֹא יִכְנֹס הַמְשֻׁדֶּכֶת אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יַתִּירוּ לוֹ שְׁבוּעָתוֹ (שָׁם סוֹף דַּף רע"ג בְּשֵׁם תְּשׁוּבַת רַשְׁבָּ"א וְהִיא בְּסִימָן תתי"ב).
7 If Reuven said to Shimon, "Konam -- this house that you enter," and it fell or he sold it to another, it remains forbidden -- for one who forbids something of his own upon his fellow remains bound by the prohibition even after it leaves his possession. But if he said to him, "Konam -- my house that you enter," and he died, sold it, or gave it to another, it is permitted. One who tells his son, "You are forbidden from my benefit," or who swears that his son not benefit from him -- if he dies, the son inherits, since this is like saying "my property is forbidden to you." But if he forbade his benefit and specified "whether in my lifetime or after my death," and he then dies, the son does not inherit, for this is like saying "these particular properties of mine are forbidden to you." (See below, siman 223.) A community that vowed that whatever they collect will go toward building a synagogue and a study hall should split it, half to each, even if what was collected does not suffice for either building alone. (Beit Yosef, end of siman 228, citing a responsum of the Rashba.) One who made his son or fellow swear not to lend out his money except with the permission of Reuven and Shimon, and one of them died -- lending is permitted with the permission of the surviving one, for wherever "so-and-so and so-and-so" is stated, it means even one of them, unless he specifies that both together are required. (Beit Yosef, siman 228, page 72, column 4, citing a responsum of the Rashba.)One who swore to his betrothed that he would not marry another woman "in addition to her," and before marrying her a yevamah fell to him for levirate marriage -- he may marry the yevamah, since "in addition to her" implies only after he has already married her; but he may not then marry the betrothed woman unless she releases him from his oath. (Ibid., end of page 273, citing a responsum of the Rashba, found in siman 812.)
ח אָמַר לַחֲבֵרוֹ: כִּכָּרִי זוֹ אֲסוּרָה עָלֶיךָ, אֲפִלּוּ נְתָנָהּ לוֹ בְּמַתָּנָה אוֹ מְכָרָהּ לוֹ, אֲסוּרָה לוֹ. מֵת וְנָפְלוּ לוֹ בִּירוּשָׁה, אוֹ שֶׁנְּתָנָהּ לְאַחֵר וְהוּא נְתָנָהּ לוֹ, מֻתֶּרֶת לוֹ; שֶׁלֹּא אָמַר אֶלָּא כִּכָּרִי, וְעַתָּה אֵינָהּ שֶׁלּוֹ.
8 If he said to his fellow, "This loaf of mine is forbidden to you," it remains forbidden to him even if he later gave it to him as a gift or sold it to him. But if the giver died and the recipient inherited it, or if it was given to a third party who then gave it to him, it is permitted, since he had only said "my loaf" -- and it is no longer his.
ט אָמַר: קוּנָם בָּשָׂר וְיַיִן עָלַי, מֻתָּר בְּתַבְשִׁיל שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ בָּשָׂר וְיַיִן, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנּוֹתְנִין בּוֹ טַעַם. וְאִם אָמַר: קוּנָם בָּשָׂר וְיַיִן שֶׁאֲנִי טוֹעֵם אוֹ שֶׁאֲנִי אוֹכֵל, אוֹ שֶׁאָמַר קוּנָם בָּשָׂר אוֹ יַיִן זֶה עָלַי, אָסוּר בְּתַבְשִׁיל שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ טַעַם (בָּשָׂר אוֹ) יַיִן.
9 If he said "Konam meat and wine are forbidden to me," he is permitted a cooked dish containing meat and wine even though they impart their flavor to it. But if he said "Konam -- meat and wine that I taste" or "that I eat," or "Konam -- this meat or this wine is forbidden to me," he is forbidden a cooked dish that carries the taste of the [meat or] wine.
י נִתְעָרֵב יַיִן זֶה שֶׁאֲסָרוֹ עַל עַצְמוֹ בְּיַיִן אַחֵר, אֲפִלּוּ טִפָּה בְּחָבִית, נֶאֱסַר הַכֹּל, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ לְהַשְׁאִיל עַל נִדְרוֹ נַעֲשָׂה כְּדָבָר שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ מַתִּירִין שֶׁאֵינוֹ בָּטֵל בְּמִינוֹ.
10 If wine that he forbade upon himself became mixed into other wine, even a single drop into a whole barrel, the entire barrel becomes forbidden, since he has the option of having a sage release him from his vow; it is therefore treated as "a thing that has one who can permit it," which is not nullified even by an overwhelming majority.
יא הָאוֹסֵר עַל עַצְמוֹ יֵינוֹ שֶׁל פְּלוֹנִי אוֹ שֶׁל מָקוֹם פְּלוֹנִי. דִּינוֹ כְּדִין הָאוֹסֵר עַל עַצְמוֹ יַיִן זֶה שֶׁאָסוּר בַּתַּבְשִׁיל שֶׁנָּפַל בּוֹ וְיֵשׁ בּוֹ טַעַם יַיִן. וְהוּא הַדִּין אִם אוֹתוֹ יַיִן נַעֲשָׂה חֹמֶץ אַחַר הַנֶּדֶר, שֶׁהוּא אָסוּר עָלָיו. אֲבָל מַה שֶּׁהָיָה חֹמֶץ בִּשְׁעַת הַנֶּדֶר, מֻתָּר, דְּיַיִן אָסַר עָלָיו וְלֹא חֹמֶץ. (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם תְּשׁוּבַת הָרַשְׁבָּ"א).
11 One who forbids upon himself the wine of so-and-so, or of a particular place, has the same law as one who forbids "this wine" specifically, he is forbidden a cooked dish it fell into that carries the taste of wine. The same applies if that wine turned to vinegar after the vow, it remains forbidden. But whatever was already vinegar at the time of the vow is permitted.For he forbade wine upon himself, not vinegar. (Beit Yosef, citing a responsum of the Rashba.)
יב אָמַר: קוּנָם זֵיתִים וַעֲנָבִים עָלַי, מֻתָּר בְּשֶׁמֶן וְיַיִן הַיּוֹצֵא מֵהֶם, אֲפִלּוּ הוּא חָדָשׁ. וְאִם אָמַר: קוּנָם זֵיתִים וַעֲנָבִים שֶׁאֲנִי טוֹעֵם, אוֹ שֶׁאָמַר קוּנָם זֵיתִים וַעֲנָבִים אֵלּוּ עָלַי, אָסוּר אַף בַּמַּשְׁקִים הַיּוֹצֵא מֵהֶם וּבַתַּבְשִׁיל שֶׁנּוֹתְנִין בָּהֶם טַעַם.
12 If he said "Konam olives and grapes are forbidden to me," he is permitted the oil and wine that come from them, even if freshly pressed. But if he said "Konam -- olives and grapes that I taste," or "Konam these olives are forbidden to me," he is forbidden even the liquids that come out of them, and a cooked dish into which they impart flavor.
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