Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah Siman 292

Siman 292

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א שִׁלּוּחַ הַקֵּן אֵינוֹ נוֹהֵג אֶלָּא בְּעוֹף טָהוֹר, אֲפִלּוּ אִם הָאֵם טְרֵפָה. וַאֲפִלּוּ אֵין שָׁם אֶלָּא אֶפְרוֹחַ אֶחָד אוֹ בֵּיצָה אַחַת, חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּחַ.
1 The mitzvah of sending away the mother bird applies only to a kosher bird, even if the mother is a terefah (mortally injured), and even if there is only one chick or one egg, one is obligated to send her away.
ב קֵן הַמְזֻמָּן אֶצְלוֹ, כְּגוֹן יוֹנִים שֶׁדַּרְכָּן לִגָּדֵל עִם בְּנֵי אָדָם בַּבָּתִּים, וְאַוָּזִים וְתַרְנְגוֹלִים שֶׁקִּנְּנוּ בְּבַיִת, פָּטוּר. אֲבָל יוֹנֵי שׁוֹבָךְ וַעֲלִיָּה, וְצִפֳּרִים שֶׁקִּנְּנוּ בַּטְּפִיחִים (פֵּרוּשׁ כְּלִי חֶרֶס הַבָּנוּי בַּכְּתָלִים אֲשֶׁר שָׁם צִפֳּרִים יְקַנֵּנוּ) וּבַבּוֹרוֹת, וְאַוָּזִים וְתַרְנְגוֹלִים שֶׁקִּנְּנוּ בְּפַרְדֵּס, חַיָּב. וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא הֻגְבְּהָה הָאֵם מֵעַל הַבֵּיצִים כְּלָל, מִשֶּׁהֵטִילָם. אֲבָל אִם הֻגְבְּהָה הָאֵם מֵעֲלֵיהֶם, אִם הַמְּקוֹמוֹת הַלָּלוּ שֶׁלּוֹ, זָכְתָה לוֹ חֲצֵרוֹ וַהֲוָה לֵיהּ מְזֻמָּן, וּפָטוּר.
2 A nest that is considered “prepared” for him—for example, doves that usually grow up with humans in houses, and geese or chickens that made their nests in a house—he is exempt. But doves of a dovecote or an attic, and birds that made their nests in tapichim (clay vessels built into walls where birds nest), and in pits, and geese and chickens that made their nests in an orchard—he is obligated to send away the mother. This applies only if the mother has not been lifted from the eggs at all since she laid them. But if the mother was lifted from them, then if those places belong to him, his courtyard acquires them for him, making it “prepared,” and he is exempt.
ג וּבְכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁיִּמְצָאֶנּוּ, בֵּין בְּאִילָן בֵּין בָּאָרֶץ, אוֹ בְּבוֹרוֹת שִׁיחִין וּמְעָרוֹת, אוֹ בַּיָּם אוֹ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם, אוֹ בְּרֹאשׁ שְׁאָר בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים, בֵּין בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים בֵּין בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד, חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּחַ.
3 Wherever one finds the nest—whether in a tree, on the ground, in pits, cisterns, caves, at sea, on a person’s head, or on the head of other animals—whether in the public domain or in private property—he is obligated to send away the mother.
ד צָרִיךְ לְשַׁלֵּחַ הָאֵם עַד שֶׁתֵּצֵא מִתַּחַת יָדוֹ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִקַּח אֶת הַבָּנִים. וְאִם רוֹצֶה לַחְתֹּךְ כְּנָפֶיהָ קֹדֶם שֶׁיְּשַׁלְּחֶנָּה, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא תּוּכַל לִפְרֹחַ וְיִקָּחֶנָּה, אֵינוֹ רַשַּׁאי, אֶלָּא יְשַׁלְּחֶנָּה מִיָּד עִם כְּנָפֶיהָ כְּדֵי שֶׁתּוּכַל לִפְרֹחַ, וּלְאַחַר שֶׁתֵּצֵא מִיָּדוֹ יִקָּחֶנָּה, אִם יִרְצֶה. וְאִם חֲתָכָן, יַשְׁהֶנָּה עַד שֶׁיִּגְדְּלוּ כְּנָפֶיהָ, וִישַׁלְּחֶנָּה.
4 One must send away the mother until she leaves from his hand, and only afterward take the young. If he wants to cut her wings before sending her so she cannot fly and then take her, he is not permitted. Rather, he must send her away immediately with her wings so that she can fly. After she leaves his hand, he may take her if he wishes. But if he cut her wings, he must wait until they grow back and then send her away.
ה אִם רוֹצֶה לִקַּח הָאֵם וּלְשַׁלֵּחַ הַבָּנִים, אֵינוֹ רַשַּׁאי. שִׁלְּחָהּ וְחָזְרָה, שִׁלְּחָהּ וְחָזְרָה, אֲפִלּוּ כַּמָּה פְּעָמִים, חַיָּב לַחֲזֹר וּלְשַׁלְּחָהּ. אֲבָל אִם שִׁלְּחָהּ וְנָטַל הַבָּנִים וְהֶחֱזִירָן לַקֵּן וְחָזְרָה הָאֵם עֲלֵיהֶם, פָּטוּר מִלְּשַׁלֵּחַ.
5 If he wants to take the mother and send away the young, he is not permitted. If he sent her and she returned, and he sent her again and she returned—even several times—he is obligated to continue sending her away. But if he sent her away, took the young, returned them to the nest, and the mother returned to them, he is exempt from sending her away again.
ו אִם נָטַל הָאֵם מֵעַל הַבָּנִים וְלֹא שִׁלְּחָהּ, יְשַׁלְּחֶנָּה וּפָטוּר.
6 If he took the mother from on top of the young and did not send her away, he should send her away and then he is exempt.
ז הָיוּ הַבֵּיצִים מוּזָרוֹת, אוֹ הָאֶפְרוֹחִים מַפְרִיחִים, אוֹ שֶׁהֵם טְרֵפָה, אוֹ שֶׁזָּכָר רוֹבֵץ עַל הַקֵּן, אוֹ שֶׁעוֹף טָמֵא רוֹבֵץ עַל בֵּיצֵי עוֹף טָהוֹר, אוֹ עוֹף טָהוֹר רוֹבֵץ עַל בֵּיצֵי עוֹף טָמֵא, פָּטוּר מִלְּשַׁלֵּחַ (ל' רַמְבַּ"ם פ' י"ג מהל' שְׁחִיטָה דִּין י').
7 If the eggs are infertile, or the chicks are able to fly, or they are terefah, or a male is sitting on the nest, or an impure bird is sitting on the eggs of a pure bird, or a pure bird is sitting on the eggs of an impure bird—he is exempt from sending away the mother.
ח הָיְתָה רוֹבֶצֶת עַל בֵּיצִים שֶׁאֵינָם מִינָהּ, וְהֵם טְהוֹרִים, הֲרֵי זֶה מְשַׁלֵּחַ. וְאִם לֹא שִׁלַּח, אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה (שָׁם דִּין י"א).
8 If she is sitting on eggs that are not of her species but they are kosher, then he should send her away. However, if he does not send her away, he does not receive lashes.
ט הָיְתָה מַטְלִית אוֹ כַּנְפֵי נוֹצָה מֵעוֹף אַחֵר אוֹ בֵּיצִים מוּזָרוֹת מַפְסִיקִין בֵּינָהּ לַקֵּן, אוֹ שֶׁהָיוּ שְׁנֵי סִדְרֵי בֵּיצִים זֶה עַל זֶה וּכְנָפֶיהָ נוֹגְעוֹת בַּסֵדֶר הָעֶלְיוֹן, אוֹ שֶׁהָיְתָה אֵם עַל גַּבֵּי אֵם, אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה הַזָּכָר עַל הַקֵּן וְהָאֵם עַל הַזָּכָר, הֲרֵי זֶה מְשַׁלֵּחַ וְאִם לֹא שִׁלַּח אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה (שָׁם דִּין י"ד).
9 If there is a rag or feathers from another bird, or infertile eggs separating her from the nest, or there were two layers of eggs one above the other and her wings touch the upper layer, or if there is a mother on top of another mother, or the male is on the nest and the mother on top of the male—he must send her away, but if he does not, he does not receive lashes.
י שָׁחַט מִקְצָת סִימָנֵי הָאֶפְרוֹחִים בְּתוֹךְ הַקֵּן קֹדֶם שֶׁיִּקָּחֶנָּה, הֲרֵי זֶה מְשַׁלֵּחַ, וְאִם לֹא שִׁלַּח אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה (שָׁם דִּין י"ב).
10 If he slaughtered some of the signs of the chicks while they were in the nest before he took them, he must send her away, but if he does not, he does not receive lashes.
יא הָיְתָה מְעוֹפֶפֶת עַל הַקֵּן, אִם כְּנָפֶיהָ נוֹגְעוֹת בַּקֵּן חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּחַ, וְאִם לָאו, פָּטוּר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנּוֹגְעוֹת מִן הַצַּד.
11 If she was hovering above the nest, if her wings touch the nest, he is obligated to send her away; if not, he is exempt, even if they touch from the side.
יב הָיְתָה יוֹשֶׁבֶת בֵּין הַבֵּיצִים אוֹ בֵּין הָאֶפְרוֹחִים, אֲפִלּוּ נוֹגַעַת בָּהֶן, פָּטוּר.
12 If she was sitting between the eggs or between the chicks—even if she touches them—he is exempt.
יג הָיְתָה יוֹשֶׁבֶת עַל שְׁנֵי עַנְפֵי הָאִילָן וְהַקֵּן תַּחְתֶּיהָ, רוֹאִים כָּל שֶׁאִלּוּ תִּשָּׁמֵט וְנוֹפֶלֶת עֲלֵיהֶם, חַיָּב, וְאִם לָאו, פָּטוּר.
13 If she was sitting on two branches of the tree and the nest was beneath her, we consider: if by slipping off she would fall onto them, he is obligated; if not, he is exempt.
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