Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah Siman 34

Siman 34

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א גַּרְגֶּרֶת שֶׁנִּפְסַק רֹב חֲלָלָהּ בַּמָּקוֹם הָרָאוּי לִשְׁחִיטָה אוֹ לְמַעְלָה מִזֶּה, הֲרֵי זוֹ אֲסוּרָה.
1 A windpipe that was severed [to the extent of cutting through to] most of its cavity inside, [and the cut was] in an area that's fitting for slaughtering or above this [area], this would be forbidden.
ב אִם נִקְּבָה נֶקֶב שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ חִסָרוֹן, כְּאִסָר, אֲסוּרָה. וְאִם נִטְּלָה מִמֶּנָּה רְצוּעָה לְאָרְכָּהּ, אִי כַּד מְעַגְּלָת לָהּ הָוְיָא כְּאִסָר, אֲסוּרָה. וְיֵשׁ מִי שֶׁאוֹמֵר, שֶׁאֵין אָנוּ בְּקִיאִים בְּשִׁעוּר כְּאִסָר, הִלְכָּךְ מְשַׁעֲרִים אוֹתוֹ בְּרֹב רֹחַב חֲלַל הַקָּנֶה. הַגָּה: וּלְפִי מַה שֶּׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסָמוּךְ דְּשִׁעוּר אִסָּר הוּא פָּחוֹת מֵרֹב, אִם כֵּן מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ בָּקִי יָבֹא לְהָקֵל. עַל כֵּן נִרְאֶה דְּרָצָה לוֹמַר רֹב רֹחַב חֲלַל קָנֶה שֶׁל עוֹף, דְּהוּא פָּחוֹת מִכְּאִסָּר, וּמִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ בָּקִי יַטְרִיף בְּכָל עִנְיָן, (ד"ע).
2 If [the windpipe] was punctured with a hole that creates a deficiency [the size of] an issar [coin], it is forbidden. And if a strip was removed from it lengthwise, if [the area of the strip is such that] if we were to make it into a circle it would be [the size of] an issar [coin], it is forbidden. And there are those who say that we are not experts in the measurement of an issar [coin], therefore we [instead] measure it against the majority of the width of the windpipe's cavity. Rema: And according to what we explain nearby that the measurement of an issar coin is less than the majority [of the width of the windpipe's cavity], if so, whoever is not an expert will come to [incorrectly] rule leniently. Therefore, it appears it wants to say the majority of the width of the windpipe's cavity of a bird, which is less than [the measurement of] an issar [coin]. And whoever is not an expert should [rule that the animal] is invalid in this entire topic.
ג נִקַּב סְבִיב הֶקֵּפָהּ נְקָבִים דַּקִּים זֶה אֵצֶל זֶה כְּנִקְבֵי הַנָּפָה, אִם אֵין בָּהֶם חִסָרוֹן, מִצְטָרְפִין לְרֹב חֲלָלָהּ, וְאִם יֵשׁ בָּהֶם חִסָרוֹן מִצְטָרְפִין לִכְאִסָר, שֶׁאִם יֵשׁ כְּאִסָר בַּנְּקָבִים עִם הַשָּׁלֵם שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶם, אֲסוּרָה, וְהוּא שֶׁהַנְּקָבִים סְמוּכִין כָּל כָּךְ, שֶׁאֵין בֵּין נֶקֶב לְנֶקֶב כִּמְלֹא נֶקֶב, אֲבָל אִם יֵשׁ בֵּינֵיהֶם יוֹתֵר מִשִּׁעוּר זֶה, אֵין מַה שֶּׁבֵּינֵיהֶם מִצְטָרֵף.
3 If it was punctured around the circumference small holes near each other like the holes of a sieve, if [the holes] don't create a deficiency, they combine to [make the animal invalid if they encircle] the majority of [the windpipe's] cavity. And if they do create a deficiency, they combine to [the measurement of] an issar coin, that if there is [the measurement of] an issar coin with [all of the] holes and the complete [part of the windpipe] between them, it is forbidden; and this is when the holes are very close together that there isn't between one hole and the next the size of a hole, but if there is between [each hole] more than this measurement [then] what [part of the windpipe] that is between them does not combine.
ד בְּעוֹף, אִם נִקַּב כְּנָפָה, חוֹתֵךְ הַמָּקוֹם הַמְנֻקָּב כְּנָפָה, וּמְשִׂימוֹ עַל פִּי חֲלַל הַקָּנֶה, אִם יֵשׁ בּוֹ כְּדֵי לְחַפּוֹת רֹב הַקָּנֶה, אֲסוּרָה. הַגָּה: וְאִם נֶחְסְרָה גַּרְגֶּרֶת שֶׁל עוֹף, יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דִּמְשַׁעֲרִין כְּמוֹ בְּנִקְּבָה כְּנָפָה (הָרִי"ף וְהָרַמְבַּ"ם), וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דִּמְשַׁעֲרִין הַגָּדוֹל לְפִי גָּדְלוֹ, וְהַקָּטָן לְפִי קָטְנוֹ, לְפִי עֵרֶךְ הַשִּׁעוּר שֶׁהוּא בִּבְהֵמָה כְּאִסָּר (רַשִׁ"י והרא"ש ורבי ירוחם).
4 By a bird, if [the windpipe] has holes like a sieve, one cuts out the place that has holes like a sieve and places it on the opening of the windpipe's cavity; if there is enough [of the cut out piece] to cover most of the [cavity of the] windpipe, it is forbidden. Rema: And if [part of] the windpipe of a bird is missing, there are those that say that we measure it like [the measurement of the case a windpipe with] holes like a sieve. And there are those that say we measure it, a large [bird] according to its large [size] and a small [bird] according to its small [size], according to the calculation of the [relative] measurement [based on what] an issar [coin would cause to be invalid] in a [larger] animal. (Rashi and Rosh and R. Yerucham.
ה יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאִם נִפְחֲתָה כְּמוֹ דֶּלֶת, שֶׁלֹּא נִטַּל הַפְּחָת אֶלָּא תָּלוּי וְעוֹמֵד וְזָקוּף שָׁם כְּדֶלֶת עַל פִּי הַאֲרֻבָּה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהַדֶּלֶת סוֹתֵם הַנֶּקֶב צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהֵא הַפְּחָת גָּדוֹל כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּכָּנֵס וְיֵצֵא בּוֹ אִסָר, דְּהַיְנוּ יוֹתֵר מִכְּאִסָר.
5 There are those that say that if [the windpipe] became deficient like a door, that the deficiency wasn't removed, rather it hangs and stands and is erect there like a door on the mouth of an opening, since the door closes the hole, the deficiency needs to be greater [to render the animal invalid] to the extent that an issar [coin] can enter and exit from it, and this [measurement] is greater than [the regular measurement of] an issar [coin].
ו יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאִם נִקְּבָה נֶקֶב מְפֻלָּשׁ מִשְּׁנֵי צְדָדִים, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בַּנֶּקֶב אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּכָּנֵס בּוֹ אִסָר לְרָחְבּוֹ, דְּהַיְנוּ כָּעֳבִי אִסָר, אֲסוּרָה.
6 There are those that say that if [the windpipe] was punctured with holes that go all the way through from both sides, even though the hole only is [large] enough so that an issar can enter widthwise, which means the thickness of an issar, it is forbidden.
ז נִסְדְּקָה כֻּלָּהּ לְאָרְכָּהּ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא חָסֵר מִמֶּנָּה כְּלוּם, אֲסוּרָה; וְאִם נִשְׁאַר מִמֶּנָּה כָּל שֶׁהוּא לְמַעְלָה וּלְמַטָּה בַּמָּקוֹם הָרָאוּי לִשְׁחִיטָה, כְּשֵׁרָה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכָּל מַה שֶּׁהַצַּוָּאר נִמְשָׁךְ הַסֶדֶק סוֹגֵר וְהוֹלֵךְ, הִלְכָּךְ הָדַר חָלִים.
7 If [the windpipe] was entirely split lengthwise, even though nothing from [the windpipe] is missing at all, it is forbidden. And if there remains [unsplit] from it anything at all above and below the place that's fit for slaughtering, it is valid, because whenever the neck is drawn out the crack continues to close, therefore it will return [to normal] and be healed.
ח נִקְּבָה לְמַטָּה מִמְּקוֹם שְׁחִיטָה בְּמַשֶּׁהוּ, טְרֵפָה.
8 If it was punctured below the place [that is fit] for slaughtering, even a little bit, it is an invalid animal.
ט מָצָא גַּרְגֶּרֶת שֶׁנִּפְסְקָה אוֹ חָסֵר וְאֵינוֹ יָדוּעַ אִם נַעֲשָׂה מֵחַיִּים, וְלֹא יוּכַל לִתְלוֹת שֶׁמֵּחֲמַת הַשְּׁחִיטָה נַעֲשָׂה שֶׁשָּׁחַט בִּשְׁנֵי מְקוֹמוֹת (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם חִדּוּשֵׁי רַשְׁבָּ"א), פּוֹסְקָהּ בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר, וְרוֹאֶה אִם הֵם שָׁוִים, כְּשֵׁרָה; וְאִם לַאו, אֲסוּרָה, וְאֵין מְדַמִּין אֶלָּא מֵחוּלְיָא לְחוּלְיָא אוֹ מִבַּר חוּלְיָא לְבַר חוּלְיָא, אֲבָל לֹא מֵחוּלְיָא לְבַר חוּלְיָא, וְלֹא מִבַּר חוּלְיָא לְחוּלְיָא. הַגָּה: וְאָנוּ אֵין בְּקִיאִין בַּבְּדִיקָה וְיֵשׁ לְהַטְרִיף בְּכָל עִנְיָן. וְכָל דִּינִים אֵלּוּ דִּנְקוּבָה וְחִסָּרוֹן בַּגַּרְגֶּרֶת הֵם דַּוְקָא כְּשֶׁיָּדוּעַ שֶׁהוּא מֵחֲמַת חֹלִי (בֵּית יוֹסֵף וְאו"ה כְּלָל נ"א), אֲבָל אִם נַעֲשָׂה מֵחֲמַת קוֹץ אוֹ מַחַט, לְדִידָן דְּלֹא בְּקִיאִין בִּבְדִיקַת הַוֵּשֶׁט, טְרֵפָה בְּכָל עִנְיָן דְּחַיְישִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב הַוֵּשֶׁט, דְּלֹא גָּרַע מֵאִלּוּ הָיָה הַצַּוָּאר מְלֻכְלָךְ בְּדָם, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל סִימָן ל"ג.
9 If one finds the windpipe that was severed or [has parts] missing and one does not know if it happened during [the animal's] lifetime, and he is unable to ascribe it to [the possibility] that this happened on account of the slaughtering since [maybe] it was slaughtered in two places, [the recommendation for this case is] he severs [the windpipe] in a different place and sees if the [two places] look the same, then it would be valid, and if not, it is forbidden. And we only compare from one band [of the windpipe] to another band or from a sub-band to another sub-band, but not from a band to a sub-band and not from a sub-band to a band. Rema: And we are not experts in checking, and [therefore] there is what to rule that the animal is invalid for all [cases] in this topic. And all of these laws about punctures and deficiencies in the windpipe, they are precisely when one knows that these [came about] on account of illness, but if they happened on account of a thorn or needle, for us who are not experts in checking the gullet, the animal is invalid for all [cases] in this topic because we are worried that maybe the gullet became punctured, since [these cases] are no worse than [the case of] if the neck was dirtied with blood as we explained above in chapter 33.
י הַקָּנֶה בְּסוֹפוֹ, מִשֶּׁנִּכְנַס תַּחַת הֶחָזֶה מִתְפַּצֵּל, וּמִשָּׁם יִפָּרֵד וְהָיָה לִשְׁלֹשָׁה רָאשִׁים: הָאֶחָד נוֹטֶה לַלֵּב, וְאֶחָד לַכָּבֵד, וְאֶחָד לָרֵאָה, וּשְׁלָשְׁתָּן נְקִיבָתָן בְּמַשֶּׁהוּ. הַגָּה: מִיהוּ בִּקְנֵה הַלֵּב שֶׁהוּא שֻׁמָּן שֶׁיּוֹרֵד בֵּין עֲרֻגּוֹת הָרֵאָה לַלֵּב, רְגִילִין לִהְיוֹת בּוֹ נְקָבִים קְטַנִּים דַּקִּים, וְהַיְנוּ רְבִיתַיְהוּ וְלֹא מִקְּרֵי נְקָבִים, וְכָשֵׁר (הַגָּהוֹת אֲשֵׁרִ"י פא"ט וְרוֹקֵחַ וּבִשְׁעָרִים שַׁעַר ל"א).
10 The windpipe at its end, when it enters beneath the chest it branches out, and from there it separates and becomes three heads. One goes towards the heart, and one to the liver, and one to the lungs, and all three [are invalid] with a hole of any size. Rema: However, with the pipe of the heart which is the fat that goes down between the grooves of the lung and the heart, it is normal that it has thin small holes, and this is how it grows, and they are not called holes [that invalidate the animal], and it is valid.
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