Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah Siman 86

Siman 86

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א סִימָנֵי בֵּיצִים לְהַכִּיר שֶׁהֵם מֵעוֹף טָהוֹר; אִם שְׁנֵי רָאשֶׁיהָ כַּדִּין אוֹ חַדִּין, אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה חֶלְמוֹן מִבַּחוּץ וְחֶלְבּוֹן מִבִּפְנִים, בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁהוּא בֵּיצַת עוֹף טָמֵא. וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם יֹאמַר הַמּוֹכֵר שֶׁהֵם מֵעוֹף טָהוֹר, אֵין סוֹמְכִין עָלָיו. וְאִם רֹאשׁוֹ אֶחָד כַּד וְעָגֹל וְרֹאשׁוֹ הַשֵּׁנִי חַד וְעָגֹל וְחֶלְבּוֹן מִבַּחוּץ וְחֶלְמוֹן מִבִּפְנִים, אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁהִיא בֵּיצַת עוֹף טָמֵא וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁהִיא בֵּיצַת עוֹף טָהוֹר. לְפִיכָךְ, שׁוֹאֵל לְצַיָּד יִשְׂרָאֵל, אוֹ עוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים, (טוּר וּבֵית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם ה"ה שֶׁכֵּן כָּתַב בְּשֵׁם הריב"ח) הַמּוֹכֵר, אִם אָמַר לוֹ: שֶׁל עוֹף פְּלוֹנִי הוּא, וְאָנוּ מַכִּירִים שֶׁאוֹתוֹ עוֹף טָהוֹר הוּא, סוֹמֵךְ עָלָיו. וְאִם אָמַר: שֶׁל עוֹף טָהוֹר, וְלֹא אָמַר שְׁמוֹ, אֵינוֹ סוֹמֵךְ עָלָיו. לְפִיכָךְ אֵין לוֹקְחִין בֵּיצִים מִן הָעוֹבְדֵי כּוֹכָבִים, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיָה מַכִּיר אוֹתָם וְיֵשׁ לוֹ בָּהֶם טְבִיעוּת עַיִן שֶׁהֵם בֵּיצֵי עוֹף פְּלוֹנִי טָהוֹר; וְאֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין לָהֶם שֶׁמָּא הֵם בֵּיצֵי טְרֵפָה אוֹ נְבֵלָה.

1 Identifying characteristics of eggs, and their laws. Containing 10 sections. Identifying characteristics of eggs, to recognize if they are from a "pure" bird species: If the two ends [of the egg] are both round, or pointed, or if the egg yolk is on the outside and the egg white on the inside, this is known to be the egg of an "impure" bird, and even if the seller says that they come from a "pure" bird, we do not rely on them. But if one end is convex and round, and the other end is pointed and round, and the egg white is on the outside and the egg yolk on the inside it is possible that it is the egg of an impure bird, but it is possible that it is the egg of a pure bird. Therefore, one must ask the Israelite (Or idolater) (citations) who is selling them. If they say, "It comes from such-and-such a bird," and we recognize that species of bird to be pure, one can rely on them. But if they say, "It comes from a pure bird," but cannot name the species of bird, one cannot rely on them. Therefore, one may not purchase eggs from the idolaters, unless one recognizes them, and they are visually identifiable to be the eggs of a pure bird. And we need not worry about the possibility that they might be eggs of a mortally ill [bird] or one who died of natural causes.

ב עַכְשָׁו נוֹהֲגִים לִקַּח בֵּיצִים, בִּסְתָם, מִכָּל אָדָם, לְפִי שֶׁאֵין בֵּיצֵי עוֹף טָמֵא מָצוּי בֵּינֵינוּ. הַגָּה: וְדַוְקָא בַּבֵּיצִים הַשְּׁכִיחִים, דְּהַיְנוּ בֵּיצַת תַּרְנְגוֹלִים אוֹ אַוָּזוֹת וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן, אֲבָל אֵין לוֹקְחִים בֵּיצִים מֵעוֹפוֹת שֶׁאֵינָם שְׁכִיחִים יוֹתֵר מֵעוֹפוֹת טְמֵאִים, עַד שֶׁיִּרְאֶה בַּסִּימָנִים, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר. (אָרֹךְ כְּלָל מ"ב).

2 Currently the common practice is to purchase unmarked eggs from anyone, because eggs from impure birds are uncommon amongst us. Rema: This is specifically about the ordinary type of eggs, that is, eggs of chickens or geese or similar ones to these. But one must not purchase eggs from birds that are not as common as those of impure birds, unless one observes the identifying characteristics, as will be explained. (Aruch, klal 42)

ג בֵּיצַת נְבֵלָה וּטְרֵפָה, אֲפִלּוּ נִגְמְרָה, שֶׁכַּיּוֹצֵא בָּהּ נִמְכֶּרֶת בַּשּׁוּק, אֲסוּרָה. וַאֲפִלּוּ נִתְעָרְבָה בְּאֶלֶף, כֻּלָּן אֲסוּרוֹת. אֲבָל סָפֵק אִם הִיא בֵּיצַת נְבֵלָה אוֹ אִם הִיא בֵּיצַת שְׁחוּטָה, מֻתֶּרֶת, אֲפִלּוּ בְּלֹא תַּעֲרֹבֶת. אֲבָל סָפֵק אִם הִיא בֵּיצַת טְרֵפָה אוֹ בֵּיצַת שְׁחוּטָה, אֲסוּרָה. הַגָּה: וְאִם נִשְׁחֲטָה הַתַּרְנְגֹלֶת וְנִמְצֵאת טְרֵפָה, דִּין בֵּיצִים כְּדִין חָלָב שֶׁנֶּחְלַב מִבְּהֵמָה (בֵּית יוֹסֵף). וְעַיֵּן לְעֵיל סִימָן פ"א.

3 The egg of a mortally ill [bird] or one who died of natural (ie. non-slaughter) causes, even if it was so completely formed that similar ones are sold in the marketplace: it is prohibited. And even if it mixed with a thousand, they are all prohibited. But there is doubt whether the egg comes from one [bird] who died of natural causes, or by proper slaughter, it is permitted, even without being mixed [with permitted eggs]. But if there is doubt about whether it is the egg of a mortally ill [bird] or one who died by proper slaughter, it is prohibited. Rema: And if the chicken was slaughtered and then found to be mortally ill, the rule for the eggs is like the rule for milk which was milked form an animal (B"Y) and see above section 81.

ד הִכָּה תַּרְנְגֹלֶת עַל זְנָבָהּ וְהִפִּילָה בֵּיצָתָהּ קֹדֶם שֶׁנִּגְמְרָה, מֻתֶּרֶת, וְאֵין כָּאן מִשּׁוּם אֵבֶר מִן הַחַי. וְהוּא שֶׁאֵינָהּ מְעֹרָה בְּגִידִין.

4 If one hit a chicken on her tail and she miscarried her egg before it was fully completed, it is permitted, and there is no concern here for the prohibition of limbs from living animals. This is true as long as it [the egg] is not enveloped in tendons.

ה בֵּיצַת עוֹף טָמֵא שֶׁנִּתְבַּשְּׁלָה עִם אֲחֵרוֹת, אִם הִיא בִּקְלִפָּתָהּ, אֵינָהּ אוֹסֶרֶת. וְאִם הִיא קְלוּפָה, אוֹסֶרֶת, וְאִם הִיא נְקוּבָה, דִּינָה כִּקְלוּפָה (אָרֹךְ כְּלָל מ"ב וְהַגָּ"ה ש"ד) וְצָרִיךְ ס" א בֵּיצִים שֶׁל הֶתֵּר כְּנֶגְדָּהּ לְבַטְּלָהּ, וַאֲפִלּוּ אֵינָהּ שְׁלֵמָה רַק טְרוּפָה (בְּאָרֹךְ וּבֵית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם הָרַשְׁבָּ"א). וְאִם נִתְבַּשְּׁלָה בְּתַבְשִׁיל שֶׁל הֶתֵּר, אֵין צָרִיךְ אֶלָּא שִׁשִּׁים מִן הַתַּבְשִׁיל, לְבַטְּלָהּ. וּבֵיצָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ אֶפְרוֹחַ אוֹ דָּם, אוֹסֶרֶת הַמִּתְבַּשֵּׁל עִמָּהּ, אֲפִלּוּ אִם אֵינָהּ קְלוּפָה. הַגָּה: וּקְלִפּוֹת הָאִסּוּר מִצְטָרְפִים גַּם עִם הַהֶתֵּר לְבַטֵּל הָאִסּוּר, וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן קְלִפּוֹת הַהֶתֵּר. (תא"ו נט"ו וירושלמי וש"ס עי' ס"ק י"ד). וְע"ל סִימָן צ"ט.

5 An egg from an impure bird, which has been cooked with others: if it is in its shell, it does not prohibit them, but if it is shell-less, it prohibits them (and if it is punctured, this is considered shell-less.) (citations) And one needs 61 parts permitted eggs parallel to it [the impure egg] to nullify it (and even if it is not whole, but rather scrambled.) (citations) But if it was cooked in a permitted dish, one only needs sixty parts of the dish to nullify it. And an egg that contains a chick or blood: it prohibits whatever is cooked it it, even if it is not shell-less. Rema: And the shells of the prohibited one combine as well with the permitted material to nullify the prohibited material. And how much more so the shells of the permitted ones. (citations) and see below section 99.

ו בֵּיצַת טְרֵפָה וּנְבֵלָה, דִּינָה כְּדִין בֵּיצַת עוֹף טָמֵא, דְּכָל שֶׁאֵינָהּ קְלוּפָה וְנִתְבַּשְּׁלָה עִם אֲחֵרוֹת אֵינָהּ אוֹסֶרֶת, דְּמַיָּא דְּבֵיעֵי בְּעָלְמָא הוּא. הַגָּה: וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דְּכָל בֵּיצִים דִּינָם שָׁוֶה וְאוֹסְרִים, אֲפִלּוּ אֵינָם קְלוּפִים (טוּר בְּשֵׁם בה"ת וְרֹב הַפּוֹסְקִים). וְכֵן יֵשׁ לִנְהֹג בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין הֶפְסֵד מְרֻבֶּה, אֲבָל בְּהֶפְסֵד מְרֻבֶּה יֵשׁ לִסְמֹךְ אַמְּקִלִּין.

6 An egg from one [bird] which was mortally ill or died of natural causes: its law is the same as the law of an impure bird, in that as long as it is not peeled, if it was cooked with others, it does not prohibit them, as it is [as insignificant as] egg water. Rema: And some say that all eggs have the same law, and do prohibit [other eggs that were cooked with them] even if they were not peeled. (Tur citing BH"T and most poskim) And it is right to practice this way, in a situation when there is not a great loss. But if there is a great loss, it is right to rely on the lenient ones.

ז אֶפְרוֹחַ שֶׁנּוֹלַד מִבֵּיצַת נְבֵלָה וּטְרֵפָה, מֻתָּר. הַגָּה: וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דְּלֹא נְהִיגִין כֵּן (בְּאָרֹךְ). וּלְכַתְּחִילָה יִזָּהֵר.

7 A chick born out of an egg from a mortally ill [bird] or one who died of natural causes: it is permitted. Rema: And some say that we do not practice this way (in the Aruch) and ideally one should be cautious.

ח בֵּיצַת עוֹף טָמֵא שֶׁהִתְחִיל הָעוֹף לְהִתְרַקֵּם בָּהּ, לוֹקִים עָלֶיהָ מִשּׁוּם שֶׁרֶץ הָעוֹף (וַיִּקְרָא יא, כ, כג). וּבֵיצַת עוֹף טָהוֹר שֶׁהִתְחִיל הָעוֹף לְהִתְרַקֵּם בָּהּ, וַאֲכָלָהּ, הָיוּ מַכִּין אוֹתוֹ מַכַּת מַרְדוּת.

8 An egg from an impure bird in which the bird had begun to take form: they used to be dealt lashes for it on account of the prohibitions on flying vermin. But an egg from a pure bird in which the bird had begun to take form: if one ate it, they would deal them lashes for "rebelliousness" [ie. violations of Rabbinic-level laws.]

ט טְרֵפָה אֵינָהּ יוֹלֶדֶת. לְפִיכָךְ עוֹף שֶׁהוּא סְפֵק טְרֵפָה וְהֵטִיל בֵּיצִים, מַשְׁהִין אוֹתוֹ עַד שֶׁיָּטִיל כָּל בֵּיצָיו שֶׁטּוֹעֵן כְּבָר; אִם יִטְעֹן פַּעַם אַחֶרֶת, כְּשֵׁרָה. וְנֵדַע זֶה, כְּשֶׁשָּׁהֲתָה בֵּין סוֹף לֵדָה לִתְחִלַּת לֵדָה כ" א יוֹם שְׁלֵמִים, כִּי כֵן זְמַן עִבּוּרָהּ. וְהוּא הַדִּין לְתַרְנְגֹלֶת שֶׁלֹּא יָלְדָה מֵעוֹלָם שֶׁנּוֹלַד בָּהּ סְפֵק טְרֵפוּת, שֶׁאִם יָלְדָה אַחַר כ" א יוֹם מִזְּמַן שֶׁנּוֹלַד בָּהּ סְפֵק טְרֵפוּת, הִיא וְהַבֵּיצִים מֻתָּרִים (אֹרְחַת חַיִּים מְבִיאוֹ בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּסוֹף סִימָן נ"ז).

9 A mortally ill animal cannot give birth. For this reason, a bird which is possibly mortally ill: if it laid eggs, we impose a holding time on it while it lays all the eggs that it was already carrying. If it carries eggs again, it is kosher. And we will know this after it has been held between the end of one birthing session to the start of the next birthing session for 21 full days, as this is the duration of her gestation. And this rule applies the same to a chicken which has never birthed before, in which there arises doubt about mortal illness: that if she gives birth 21 days after the time that the doubt arose about mortal illness, she and the eggs are permitted.

י אֵין מוֹכְרִין בֵּיצַת נְבֵלָה וּטְרֵפָה לְעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים, שֶׁמָּא יַחֲזֹר וְיִמְכְּרֵם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל. כֵּיצַד יַעֲשֶׂה, יִטְרְפֶנָּה בִּקְעָרָה וְיִמְכְּרֶנָּה לְעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים, שֶׁאָז וַדַּאי לֹא יִקְנֶה אוֹתָהּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמֶּנּוּ. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים, שֶׁרוֹאִים אוֹתָהּ טְרוּפָה בְּיָדוֹ, שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָחוּשׁ שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל מְכָרָהּ לוֹ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִיא טְרֵפָה. אֲבָל מֻתָּר לִקְנוֹת מִמֶּנּוּ פַּת שֶׁנִּלּוֹשׁ בְּבֵיצִים, בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁנּוֹהֲגִין לֶאֱכֹל פַּת שֶׁל עוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵין רוֹאִים אוֹתָהּ טְרוּפָה בְּיָדוֹ. הַגָּה: וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דְּעַכְשָׁיו דְּאֵין נִזְהָרִין מִפַּת שֶׁל עוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים, אֵין לִמְכֹּר לְעוֹבֵד כּוֹכָבִים בֵּיצָה אֲסוּרָה, אֲפִלּוּ טְרוּפָה, דְּחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא יְעָרְבֶנָּה עִם פַּת וְיִמְכְּרֶנָּה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל (אָרֹךְ כְּלָל מ"ב וּמ"ד בְּשֵׁם סמ"ק). וְהָכֵי נָהוּג בְּמָקוֹם דְּנוֹהֲגִין לַעֲשׂוֹת הַפַּת עִם בֵּיצִים וְנוֹהֲגִין בּוֹ הֶתֵּר לִקְנוֹתוֹ, אֲבָל בִּשְׁאָר מְקוֹמוֹת אֵין לָחוּשׁ.

10 We must not sell the eggs of a mortally ill [bird] or one who died of natural causes to an idolater, in case they come back and sell it to an Israelite. How should one act? One should scramble it up into a dish, and sell it to an idolater, because then certainly an Israelite will not buy it from them. In what cases is this said? When one sees it scrambled in their hand, because one should be concerned that an Israelite has sold it to them because it is from a mortally ill animal. But it is permissible to purchase from them bread that was kneaded using eggs in places where the custom is to eat bread of idolaters, since one does not see it scrambled in their hand. Rema: And some say that currently, when people are not cautious about bread of idolaters, one should not sell an idolater a prohibited egg, even scrambled, as we must have concern for the possibility that they will mix it with bread and sell it to an Israelite. (citations) And this is how the custom is practiced, in places where it is customary to make the bread with eggs, and the custom is to permit buying it. But in other places, one does not need to worry.

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