Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah Siman 99

Siman 99

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א חֲתִיכַת נְבֵלָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ בָּשָׂר וַעֲצָמוֹת שֶׁנָּפְלָה לִקְדֵרַת הֶתֵּר, עַצְמוֹת הָאִסוּר מִצְטָרְפִים עִם הַהֶתֵּר לְבַטֵּל הָאִסוּר, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר שֶׁעַצְמוֹת הַהֶתֵּר מִצְטָרְפִין עִם הַהֶתֵּר, אֲבָל הַמֹּחַ שֶׁבְּעַצְמוֹת אִסוּר מִצְטָרֵף עִם הָאִסוּר. וְגוּף הַקְּדֵרָה אֵינָהּ מִצְטָרֶפֶת, לֹא עִם הָאִסוּר וְלֹא עִם הַהֶתֵּר. הַגָּה: וְיֵשׁ מַחְמִירִים שֶׁלֹּא לְצָרֵף עַצְמוֹת הָאִסּוּר עִם הַהֶתֵּר לְבַטֵּל (הַגָּהָה אַחַת בְּש"ד בְּשֵׁם אוֹר זָרוּעַ) וּבִמְקוֹם הֶפְסֵד יֵשׁ לִסְמֹךְ אַמְּקִלִּין וּמַתִּירִין, כִּי כֵן עִקָּר.
1 The law of bones: whether they combine to nullify a prohibition, and that one may not nullify a prohibition initially. It contains 7 sections. A piece of an improperly slaughtered carcass containing meat and bones that fell into a pot of permitted food: the bones of the forbidden piece combine with the permitted food to nullify the prohibition, and it goes without saying that the bones of the permitted food combine with the permitted food. But the marrow within the bones of the prohibition combines with the prohibition, and the body of the pot itself does not combine either with the prohibition or with the permitted food. Rema: And there are those who are stringent not to combine the bones of the prohibition with the permitted food to nullify it (a certain gloss in Shaarei Dura in the name of the Or Zarua). However, in a situation of financial loss, one may rely on the lenient authorities and permit it, because such is the primary ruling.
ב בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁעַצְמוֹת הָאִסוּר מִצְטָרְפִין עִם הַהֶתֵּר, כְּשֶׁנָּפְלָה חֲתִיכַת הַנְּבֵלָה לִקְדֵרַת הֶתֵּר כְּשֶׁהָיְתָה חַיָּה, אֲבָל אִם נִתְבַּשְּׁלָה (תְּחִלָּה) וְאַחַר כָּךְ נָפְלָה לִקְדֵרַת הֶתֵּר, עֲצָמוֹת שֶׁבָּהּ מִצְטָרְפִים עִם הָאִסוּר, לְפִי שֶׁבָּלְעוּ מִבְּשָׂר הַנְּבֵלָה כְּשֶׁנִּתְבַּשְּׁלָה לְבַדָּהּ.
2 When does this apply that the bones of the prohibition combine with the permitted food? When the piece of the improperly slaughtered carcass fell into the pot of permitted food while it was raw. But if it was cooked first and afterwards fell into the pot of permitted food, the bones within it combine with the prohibition, because they absorbed flavor from the meat of the carcass when it was cooked by itself.
ג בִּשְׁאָר אִסוּרִים, חוּץ מִבָּשָׂר בְּחָלָב, חֲתִיכָה הַבְּלוּעָה מֵאִסוּר מִצְטָרֶפֶת לְבַטֵּל הָאִסוּר. הַגָּה: וְאֵין נוֹהֲגִין כֵּן, כִּי קַיְמָא לָן בְּכָל אִסּוּרִים חֲתִיכָה נַעֲשֵׂית נְבֵלָה, כְּדִלְעֵיל סִימָן צ"ב.
3 Regarding other prohibitions, except for meat and milk, a piece that absorbed a prohibition combines to nullify the prohibition. Rema: And we do not practice this way, because we maintain that in all prohibitions a piece becomes an entirely forbidden entity (Chaticha Na'aseh Neveilah), as stated above in section 92.
ד מְשַׁעֲרִים בָּרֹטֶב וּבַקִּיפָה (פֵּרוּשׁ הַדַּק דַּק שֶׁל בָּשָׂר וְתַבְלִין הַמִּתְאַסֵף בְּשׁוּלֵי קְדֵרָה) וּבַחֲתִיכוֹת. וּמְשַׁעֲרִין הַהֶתֵּר וְהָאִסוּר כְּמוֹ שֶׁבָּא לְפָנֵינוּ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָיָה בַּהֶתֵּר יוֹתֵר מִתְּחִלָּה וְנִתְמַעֵט בְּבִשּׁוּלוֹ וְנִבְלַע בַּקְּדֵרָה. וְהָנֵי מִלֵּי בְּמִין בְּשֶׁאֵינוֹ מִינוֹ, אֲבָל אִם הוּא מִין בְּמִינוֹ מְשַׁעֲרִין גַּם בַּמֶּה שֶּׁבָּלְעָה הַקְּדֵרָה, וְעוֹמֵד בְּדָפְנֵי הַקְּדֵרָה. וּמְשַׁעֲרִים זֶה בְּאֹמֶד יָפֶה, וְרוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְּאִלּוּ הוּא בְּעַיִן, אֲבָל מַה שֶּׁכָּלָה וְאָבַד מֵחֲמַת הָאוּר אֵינוֹ מִצְטָרֵף, שֶׁזֶּה כָּלָה לְגַמְרֵי.
4 We calculate the proportions using the broth, the kipah (meaning the very fine particles of meat and spices that gather at the bottom of the pot), and the pieces. We evaluate the permitted and forbidden food exactly as it is presented before us, even if there was more permitted food at the beginning and it diminished during its cooking and was absorbed into the pot. This applies specifically to a mixture not of its own kind. But if it is a mixture of its own kind, we also include in our calculation what the pot absorbed that remains in the walls of the pot. We evaluate this with an accurate estimation and view it as if it were visibly present. However, whatever was consumed and lost due to the fire does not combine [to nullify the prohibition], because it is completely gone.
ה אֵין מְבַטְּלִין אִסוּר לְכַתְּחִלָּה. וַאֲפִלּוּ נָפַל לְתוֹךְ הֵתֶּר שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ שִׁעוּר לְבַטְּלוֹ, אֵין מוֹסִיפִין עָלָיו הֶתֵּר כְּדֵי לְבַטְּלוֹ. עָבַר וּבִטְּלוֹ, אוֹ שֶׁרִבָּה עָלָיו, אִם בְּשׁוֹגֵג, מֻתָּר. וְאִם בְּמֵזִיד, אָסוּר לַמְבַטֵּל עַצְמוֹ, אִם הוּא שֶׁלּוֹ, וְכֵן לְמִי שֶׁנִּתְבַּטֵּל בִּשְׁבִילוֹ. וַאֲסוּרִים לְמָכְרוֹ גַּם כֵּן לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אַחֵר, שֶׁלֹּא יֵהָנוּ מִמַּה שֶּׁבִּטְּלוּ (אָרֹךְ כְּלָל כ"ד). וְלִשְׁאָר כָּל אָדָם, מֻתָּר. הַגָּה: וְדַוְקָא שֶׁנִּתְעָרֵב יָבֵשׁ בְּיָבֵשׁ, אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ לַח בְּלַח לְמָאן דְּאָמַר שֶׁאֵין אוֹמְרִים בּוֹ חֲתִיכָה נַעֲשֵׂית נְבֵלָה, כְּדִלְעֵיל סי' צ"ב. אֲבָל חֲתִיכָה שֶׁבָּלְעָה אִסּוּר, לֹא מְהַנֵּי שֶׁנִּתּוֹסֵף אַחַר כָּךְ הַהֶתֵּר, דְּהָא אָמְרִינָן בֵּהּ חֲתִיכָה נַעֲשֵׂית נְבֵלָה. (רַשְׁבָּ"א סי' תצ"ה עי' ס"ק י"ד). וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דַּאֲפִלּוּ בְּמָקוֹם דְּלָא אַמְרִינָן חֲתִיכָה נַעֲשֵׂית נְבֵלָה לֹא מְהַנֵּי הַהֶתֵּר לְבַטֵּל, אֶלָּא אִם נִתּוֹסֵף קֹדֶם שֶׁנּוֹדַע הַתַּעֲרוֹבוֹת, אֲבָל אִם נוֹדַע הַתַּעֲרוֹבֶת קֹדֶם, לֹא מְהַנֵּי מַה שֶׁנִּתּוֹסֵף אַחַר כָּךְ. וּלְפִי זֶה, הָיָה צָרִיךְ הֶחָכָם הַמּוֹרֶה לְבַטֵּל אִסּוּר לַחֲקֹר אִם נִתּוֹסֵף הַהֶתֵּר לְאַחַר שֶׁנּוֹדַע (אָרֹךְ כ' ל"ז). וְלֹא נָהֲגוּ כֵן.
5 We do not nullify a prohibition initially [intentionally]. And even if it fell into permitted food that does not contain the requisite measure to nullify it, we do not add permitted food to it in order to nullify it. If one transgressed and nullified it, or added [permitted food] to it: if it was done unintentionally, it is permitted. But if it was done intentionally, it is forbidden to the person who nullified it himself if it belongs to him, and similarly to the person for whom it was nullified (and they are also forbidden to sell it to another Jew, so that they do not profit from what they nullified) (Arukh principle 24). But to all other people, it is permitted. Rema: And this applies specifically when dry was mixed with dry, or even liquid with liquid according to the one who maintains we do not say regarding it "the piece becomes an entirely forbidden entity" (Chaticha Na'aseh Neveilah), as stated above in section 92. But regarding a solid piece that absorbed a prohibition, it does not help that permitted food was added afterwards, because we say regarding it that "the piece becomes an entirely forbidden entity" (Rashba section 495, and see subparagraph 14). And some say that even in a case where we do not apply "the piece becomes an entirely forbidden entity," the [added] permitted food does not help to nullify it unless it was added before the mixture became known. But if the mixture became known beforehand, what was added afterwards does not help. And according to this, the sage rendering a ruling to nullify a prohibition would need to investigate whether the permitted food was added after it became known (Arukh principle 37). However, we do not practice this way.
ו אִסוּר שֶׁל דִּבְרֵיהֶם, אֵין מְעָרְבִין אוֹתוֹ בְּיָדַיִם כְּדֵי לְבַטְּלוֹ. וְאִם עָשָׂה כֵן, בְּמֵזִיד, אָסוּר. אֲבָל אִם נָפַל מֵעַצְמוֹ, וְאֵין בַּהֶתֵּר כְּדֵי לְבַטְּלוֹ, מַרְבֶּה עָלָיו וּמְבַטְּלוֹ. הַגָּה: וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים דְּאֵין לְבַטֵּל אִסּוּר דְּרַבָּנָן אוֹ לְהוֹסִיף עָלָיו, כְּמוֹ בְּאִסּוּר דְּאוֹרַיְיתָא. וְכֵן נוֹהֲגִין, וְאֵין לְשַׁנּוֹת. (טוּר בְּשֵׁם הָרֹא"שׁ וּבת"ה סִימָן צ"ד וּבְהַגָּהַת ש"ד וּרא"ה בב"ה ור"ן וּמָרְדְּכַי וַאֲגֻדָּה פ"ק דְּבֵיצָה). אִסּוּר שֶׁנִּתְבַּטֵּל, כְּגוֹן שֶׁהָיָה ס' כְּנֶגְדּוֹ, וְנִתּוֹסֵף בּוֹ אַחַר כָּךְ מִן הָאִסּוּר הָרִאשׁוֹן, חוֹזֵר וְנֵעוֹר וְנֶאֱסָר, לָא שְׁנָא מִין בְּמִינוֹ לָא שְׁנָא מִין בְּשֶׁאֵינוֹ מִינוֹ, לָא שְׁנָא יָבֵשׁ לָא שְׁנָא לַח, לָא שְׁנָא נוֹדַע בֵּינְתַיִם אוֹ לֹא נוֹדַע בֵּינְתַיִם. (הַגָּהוֹת ש"ד סִימָן נ"ט). כַּזַּיִת חָלָב שֶׁנָּפַל לַמַּיִם וְנִתְבַּטֵּל בְּס', וְאַחַר כָּךְ נָפַל מִן הַמַּיִם לִקְדֵרָה שֶׁל בָּשָׂר, מֻתָּר, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בַּבָּשָׂר ס' נֶגֶד הֶחָלָב, שֶׁהֲרֵי נִתְבַּטֵּל בַּמַּיִם (בְּאָרֹךְ). וְכָל כַּיּוֹצֵא בְּזֶה.
6 A rabbinic prohibition may not be manually mixed in order to nullify it. If one did so intentionally, it is forbidden. But if it fell in on its own and there is not enough permitted food to nullify it, one may add to it and nullify it. Rema: And some say that one may not nullify a rabbinic prohibition or add to it, just as with a Torah prohibition; and this is our practice, and one should not deviate from it (Tur in the name of the Rosh; Terumat HaDeshen 94; Gloss of Shaarei Dura; Ra'ah in Bedek HaBayit; Ran; Mordechai; Agudah, first chapter of Beitzah). A prohibition that was nullified—for example, if there were sixty parts against it—and afterwards more of the original prohibition was added to it, it reawakens and becomes forbidden. There is no difference whether it is a mixture of its own kind or not of its own kind, no difference whether it is dry or liquid, and no difference whether the original mixture became known in the meantime or not (Gloss of Shaarei Dura 59). An olive's bulk of milk that fell into water and was nullified in sixty parts, and afterwards fell from the water into a pot of meat, is permitted, even though there are not sixty parts in the meat against the milk, because it was already nullified in the water (in the Arukh), and all similar cases.
ז אִם נִבְלַע אִסוּר מֻעָט לְתוֹךְ כְּלִי בָּשָׂר, אִם דַּרְכּוֹ שֶׁל אוֹתוֹ כְּלִי לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בּוֹ בְּשֶׁפַע הֶתֵּר, מֻתָּר לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בּוֹ לְכַתְּחִלָּה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהָאִסוּר מֻעָט וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לָבֹא לִידֵי נְתִינַת טַעַם, וּלְפִיכָךְ אִסוּר מַשֶּׁהוּ שֶׁנִּבְלַע בִּקְדֵרָה אוֹ בְּתוֹךְ קַנְקַנִּים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶם, מֻתָּר לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בּוֹ לְכַתְּחִלָּה, וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּבֶן יוֹמוֹ, לְפִי שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לָבֹא לִידֵי נְתִינַת טַעַם. אֲבָל אִם נִבְלַע בִּכְלִי שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ לְעִתִּים בְּדָבָר מֻעָט כִּקְעָרָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהּ, אָסוּר לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ אֲפִלּוּ בְּשֶׁפַע, גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהּ בְּדָבָר מֻעָט וְיָבֹא לִידֵי נְתִינַת טַעַם.
7 If a small amount of a prohibition was absorbed into a kosher vessel: if the normal use of that vessel is to be used with an abundance of permitted food, it is permitted to use it initially, since the prohibition is minute and it is impossible for it to impart flavor. Therefore, a minuscule prohibition that was absorbed into a pot or into jugs and similar vessels may be used initially, even on the same day (ben yomo), because it is impossible for it to impart flavor. However, if it was absorbed into a vessel that is sometimes normally used with a small amount of food, such as a bowl and the like, it is forbidden to use it even with an abundance of permitted food, as a rabbinic decree lest one use it with a small amount and it comes to impart flavor.
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