Shulchan Aruch, Choshen Mishpat Siman 16

Siman 16

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א כמה זמן נותנין להביא ראיה ודין הטלת חרם. ובו ה סעיפים: אמר אחד מבעלי הדין יש לי עדים להביא נותנין לו זמן ל' יום ולאחר ל' יום פוסקין הדין (וצריך לשלם) (מרדכי ס"פ ז"ב) ואם מביאן אחר כך יסתור הדין ואם גלוי וידוע לב"ד שפלוני ופלוני הם עדים בדבר והרחיקו נדוד נותנים לו זמן עד שיוכל להביא: וה"ה אם ידוע לב"ד שיוכל לברר דבריו תוך שלשים אין נותנין לו זמן לבטלה (ב"י בשם הריטב"א) וע"ל סי' צ"ח סעיף ד':
1 [If] one of the litigants said, '[Give me an extension of time because] I can produce witnesses,' they allow him thirty days, and after thirty days [if no witnesses were produced by him], they issue the verdict, and he is obliged to make payment. If, however, he produces them [the witnesses] later, it [the Court] can upset the verdict. If it is well known to the Court of Law that So-and-so are witnesses in the matter but they have moved far away, he is given time until he can produce [them]. Likewise if it is known to the Court of Law that he can verify his statements within the thirty [ days ], they do not give him [ additional ] time for nothing., infra § 98, 4.
ב הא דיהבי זמן שלשים יום דוקא כשתבעוהו תחלה בלא ראיה וחייבוהו ב"ד שישבע וזה טוען יש לי ראיה ואינה מצויה עתה בידי ואיני רוצה לקבל שבועתו אז נותנין לו זמן שלשים יום אבל אם טען תחלה יש לי ראיה ואינה מצויה עתה בידי מה צורך ליתן לו זמן לכשיביא ישיב לו הנתבע וכל זמן שלא יביא לא ישיב לו טענה ואם חזר ואמר אין לי ראיה ישיב לו בלא ראיה יש מי שאומר שנשבע ונפטר ואינו נאמן להביא עוד ראיה: הגה ואם הנתבע מבקש זמן כדי להשיב על טענת התובע אם נראה לב"ד שאינו אלא דחייה אין נותנין לו זמן וצריך להשיב מיד אבל אם נראה לב"ד שצריך זמן כדי לחשוב ולשים לבו על דברים שבינו לבינו נותנין לו זמן כפי הצורך (ב"י בשם תשו' הרשב"א) אבל אם כתוב בשטר שיפרע לו בלי דחייה כל תנאי שבממון קיים (ב"י בשם הריטב"א):
2 As to the ruling that they give [the claimant] a period of thirty days [to bring proof or to produce witnesses] — it applies only when they [the Judges] summoned him at first without evidence [submitted by the claimant] and the Court of Law [issued a verdict and] required him [the defendant] to take an oath, while the other party [the claimant] pleads, 'I have evidence, but it is not in my possession at present, and I desire not to accept his [the defendant's] oath,' then [the law is that] they give him a period of thirty days [to produce the evidence]. However, if he [the claimant] pleaded at first [i.e., before the verdict was given], 'I have evidence, but it is not in my possession at present,' [then] what need is there to grant him time [to produce the evidence]? [Consequently, the law is that only] when he [the claimant] produces [it], the defendant must respond to him [the claimant], and as long as he [the claimant] produces no [evidence], he [the defendant] must not respond to him [by making] any [counter-] plea. If he [the claimant] returned and stated, 'I have no evidence,' he [the defendant] responds to him without [producing] any evidence [to substantiate his counter-plea]. There is an authority who states that he [the defendant] takes an oath and is exempt and [if the claimant] still [promises] to produce evidence, he is not relied upon. Rema: If the defendant requests [ an extension of ] time in order to respond to the plea of the claimant, [ then ] if it becomes apparent to the Court of Law that it is [ intended ] only [ as ] a [ mere ] delay [ of the case ], they do not grant him [ an extension of ] time, and he must respond forthwith. However, if it appears to the Court of Law that he does require [ an extension of ] time in order to examine and consider carefully the matters concerning him and the other party, they give him [ an extension of ] time as much as he requires. But if in the bond [ produced by the claimant ] it is written that he must pay him without delay, [ the law is that ] every stipulation made in monetary matters is binding.
ג טען אחד מבעלי דינים יש לי זכות בעדים או בראיה ואיני יודע ביד מי הוא חייב הדיין להטיל חרם על כל מי שיודע לו זכות בעדים או בראיה שיודיע לדיין אפי' אם הזכות של העדים והראיה יודע בהם מי שכנגדו חייב להגיד: הגה וע' ל' סי' ע"א סעיף ז' וח' כיצד נותנים חרם וע' ל' סי' צ"ב סעיף ו' אם טוען שכנגדו הוא פסול לישבע אם נותנים חרם על זה:
3 [If] one of the litigants pleaded, 'There are witnesses or [other] evidence in my favour but I know not through whom this [could be made available],' the Judge is obliged to pronounce the ban against any person who knows [aught] in his favour through witnesses or [other] evidence, [viz.,] that he make this known to the Judge, even if the one who is his opponent [in Court] knows about the favourable opinion of the witnesses and the [other] evidence, he is obliged to state [it]. Rema:, infra § 71, 7-8 in what manner we pronounce the ban and v. infra § 92, 6 [ the law ] if [ the litigant ] pleads that his opponent is ineligible to take an oath whether we pronounce the ban concerning this.
ד האומר לחבירו שטר שבידך זכות יש לי בו אם הלה מודה שיש לזה בו זכות חייב להוציאו בב"ד וב"ד יעתיקו מה שכתוב בו מזכותו אבל אם הלה אומר שאין בידו שטר שיהא בו שום זכות לזה אין מחייבין אותו להראות שטר לשום אדם אבל אם ירצה זה להחרים חרם סתם לכל מי שיש בידו שטר שיש לו זכות בו מי שיראנו יחרים ואם טען זה בודאי שהוא יודע שהשטר שיש לו זכות בו הוא אצלו הרי זה נשבע היסת שאינו אצלו:
4 One who says to his fellow, 'You possess a document in which there are rights in my favour,' — [then] if the latter admits that the person concerned has rights therein, he is obliged to produce it in the Court of Law and the Court of Law makes a copy of whatever is recorded therein concerning his rights. However, if the other party says that he possesses no document wherein any rights in favour of the person concerned are found, they do not require him to show a document to any person. But if the person concerned desires to proclaim a general ban, — [viz.,] that whosoever has in his possession a document wherein there are rights [recorded] in his favour should show it [to the Court of Law], — he may do so. And if the person concerned pleaded with certainty that he knows that the document wherein there are [recorded] rights in his favour are in his [the other person's] possession, [then] the latter takes an equitable oath that it is not in his possession.
ה המוציא שטר על חבירו והלה טוען שיש בו זיוף ושאל שיתנו לו הטפסת השטר כדי לדקדק בו נותנים לו אע"פ שכתוב בו בלא טפיסת טופס מזה השטר:
5 One who produces a note [of indebtedness] against his fellow, and the latter claims that there is a forgery in it, and he demanded that they give him a copy of the document in order to examine it carefully, — [the law is that] they give it to him although there is written in it, '[This note is binding] without [any stipulation for additional] copies of this document to be made.'