Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim Siman 589

Siman 589

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א כָּל שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְחֻיָּב בַּדָּבָר אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא אֲחֵרִים יְדֵי חוֹבָתָן.
1 Who can sound the shofar, 9 Seifim: Anyone not obligated in something cannot enable another to fulfil that obligation.
ב חֵרֵשׁ שׁוֹטֶה וְקָטָן פְּטוּרִים; וְחֵרֵשׁ, אֲפִלּוּ מְדַבֵּר וְאֵינוֹ שׁוֹמֵעַ, אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא דְּכֵיוָן דְּאֵינוֹ שׁוֹמֵעַ לָאו בַּר חִיּוּבָא הוּא. הַגָּה: אֲבָל שׁוֹמֵעַ וְאֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר, מוֹצִיא אֲחֵרִים יְדֵי חוֹבָתָן (בֵּית יוֹסֵף).
2 A deaf person, an imbecile and a minor are exempt. And even if the deaf person is able to speak, the fact that he cannot hear means he has no obligation. Rema: However, a dumb person is able to enable others to fulfil their obligation (Beit Yosef).
ג אִשָּׁה פְּטוּרָה מִשּׁוּם דְּהָוֵי מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁהַזְּמַן גְּרָמָא.
3 A woman is exempt [from the mitzva of shofar] as it is a positive time-bound mitzva.
ד אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוּס מוֹצִיא אֶת מִינוֹ; טֻמְטוּם, אֲפִלּוּ אֶת מִינוֹ אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא.
4 An Androgynous enables others of their gender to fulfil their obligation, but a Tumtum is unable to do even this.
ה מִי שֶׁחֶצְיוֹ עֶבֶד וְחֶצְיוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין אֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא אֲפִלּוּ עַצְמוֹ, וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּתְקַע לוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין לְהוֹצִיאוֹ.
5 Someone who is part servant and part free can't even enable themselves to fulfil the obligation. They require a freeman to blow for them.
ו אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנָּשִׁים פְּטוּרוֹת, יְכוֹלוֹת לִתְקֹעַ; וְכֵן אַחֵר שֶׁיָּצָא כְּבָר, יָכוֹל לִתְקֹעַ לְהוֹצִיאָן, אֲבָל אֵין מְבָרְכוֹת וְלֹא יְבָרְכוּ לָהֶן. הַגָּה: וְהַמִּנְהָג שֶׁהַנָּשִׁים מְבָרְכוֹת עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁהַזְּמַן גְּרָמָא עַל כֵּן גַּם כָּאן מְבָרְכוֹת לְעַצְמָן, אֲבָל אֲחֵרִים לֹא יְבָרְכוּ לָהֶן אִם כְּבָר יָצְאוּ. וְאֵינָן תּוֹקְעִין רַק לְנָשִׁים, אֲבָל אִם תּוֹקְעִין לְאִישׁ הַמְחֻיָּב, מְבָרְכִין לוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁכְּבָר יָצְאוּ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר סִימָן תקפ"ה סָעִיף ב' בַּהַגָּהָה א' (דִּבְרֵי עַצְמוֹ).
6 Even though women and exempt, they are permitted to blow. So too, even after a man fulfilled his obligation, he is still able to blow for their obligation. However, [in these cases,] they should not make the blessing, nor should he make the blessing for them. Rema: And [our] custom is that women make blessings on positive time-bound mitzvot, so here too they would make the blessing for themselves. However, others should not bless for them if they have already fulfilled their obligation and are only blowing for the sake of women. However, if they are blowing [for women and] a man who is obligated, they make a blessing on his account, even though they already fulfilled their obligation, as has been explained in Chapter 585, subsection 2 in the first gloss.
ז הַמֻּדָּר הֲנָאָה מֵחֲבֵרוֹ מֻתָּר לִתְקֹעַ לוֹ תְּקִיעָה שֶׁל מִצְוָה; וְדַוְקָא כְּשֶׁהוּא תּוֹקֵעַ מֵאֵלָיו לְהוֹצִיאוֹ, אֲבָל אִם אָמַר לוֹ הַמֻּדָּר: תְּקַע וְהוֹצִיאֵנִי, אָסוּר. הַגָּה: וְאִם אָמַר: קוֹנָם תְּקִיעוֹתָיו עָלַי, בְּכָל עִנְיָן אָסוּר (רַ"ן).
7 If somebody swears off benefiting from his friend, that friend is permitted to sound a shofar for him to fulfill the obligation. This is only the case when he sounds the shofar unprompted to fulfill his obligation. But if the swearer says "Blow to fulfill my obligation," this is forbidden. Rema: If he says "His soundings are konam to me," it is always forbidden (Ra"n).
ח הַמִּתְעַסֵק בִּתְקִיעַת שׁוֹפָר לְהִתְלַמֵּד, לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ; וְכֵן הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ מִן הַמִּתְעַסֵק, לֹא יָצָא; וְכֵן הַתּוֹקֵעַ לְשׁוֹרֵר וְלֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן לִתְקִיעַת מִצְוָה, לֹא יָצָא. נִתְכַּוֵּן שׁוֹמֵעַ לָצֵאת יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ, וְלֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן הַתּוֹקֵעַ לְהוֹצִיאוֹ; אוֹ שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן הַתּוֹקֵעַ לְהוֹצִיאוֹ וְלֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ לָצֵאת, לֹא יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּתְכַּוֵּן שׁוֹמֵעַ וּמַשְׁמִיעַ.
8 Someone who is engaged in blowing a shofar in order to practice doesn't fulfil his obligation. Similarly, someone who hears shofar from someone such a person doesn't fulfil his obligation. Similarly, someone who is blowing the shofar to make music and doesn't intend for the mitzva of blowing the shofar doesn't fulfil his obligation. If the listener intends to fulfil the mitzva but the blower doesn't have intent for him or if blower has intent for him but the listener does not; he doesn't fulfil his obligation until the two of them have intent, the listener and the blower.
ט מִי שֶׁתָּקַע וְנִתְכַּוֵּן לְהוֹצִיא כָּל הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ תְּקִיעָתוֹ, וְשָׁמַע הַשּׁוֹמֵעַ וְנִתְכַּוֵּן לָצֵאת יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין הַתּוֹקֵעַ מִתְכַּוֵּן לִפְלוֹנִי זֶה שֶׁשָּׁמַע תְּקִיעָתוֹ, וְאֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ, יָצָא שֶׁהֲרֵי נִתְכַּוֵּן לְהוֹצִיא לְכָל מִי שֶׁיִּשְׁמָעֶנּוּ; לְפִיכָךְ מִי שֶׁהָיָה מְהַלֵּךְ בַּדֶּרֶךְ אוֹ יוֹשֵׁב בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ, וְשָׁמַע תְּקִיעוֹת מִשְּׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר, יָצָא, אִם נִתְכַּוֵּן לָצֵאת, שֶׁהֲרֵי שְׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר מִתְכַּוֵּן לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הָרַבִּים יְדֵי חוֹבָתָן.
9 If somebody blows the shofar with the intention of fulfilling the obligation of every listener, and somebody hears it and has the intention to fulfill their obligation, even if the blower is not intending for this specific person who hears his blasts and doesn't know them, they fulfill their obligation, given that he had the intention to fulfill the obligation of everybody who heard him. Therefore, if somebody was walking on the street or sitting at home and heard the communal blasts, they fulfill their obligation if they have the intention to fulfill their obligation because the communal blower has the intention to fulfill the members of the community's obligations.
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