Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim Siman 639

Siman 639

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א כֵּיצַד מִצְוַת יְשִׁיבָה בַּסֻכָּה, שֶׁיִּהְיֶה אוֹכֵל וְשׁוֹתֶה וְיָשֵׁן וּמְטַיֵּל (טוּר) וְדָר בַּסֻכָּה כָּל שִׁבְעַת הַיָּמִים, בֵּין בַּיּוֹם בֵּין בַּלַּיְלָה, כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא דָּר בְּבֵיתוֹ בִּשְׁאָר יְמוֹת הַשָּׁנָה. וְכָל שִׁבְעַת יָמִים עוֹשֶׂה אָדָם אֶת בֵּיתוֹ עֲרַאי וְאֶת סֻכָּתוֹ קֶבַע. כֵּיצַד, כֵּלִים הַנָּאִים וּמַצָּעוֹת הַנָּאוֹת, בַּסֻכָּה; וּכְלֵי שְׁתִיָּה, כְּגוֹן אֲשִׁישׁוֹת וְכוֹסוֹת, בַּסֻכָּה; אֲבָל כְּלֵי אֲכִילָה לְאַחַר הָאֲכִילָה (טוּר), כְּגוֹן קְדֵרוֹת וּקְעָרוֹת, חוּץ לַסֻכָּה; הַמְּנוֹרָה, בַּסֻכָּה; וְאִם הָיְתָה סֻכָּה קְטַנָּה, מַנִּיחָהּ חוּץ לַסֻכָּה. הַגָּה: וְאַל יַעֲשֶׂה שׁוּם תַּשְׁמִישׁ בָּזוּי בַּסֻּכָּה, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיוּ מִצְוֹת בְּזוּיוֹת עָלָיו (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם א"ח).
1 What is the Mitzvah of sitting in the Sukkah? That he should eat, drink, sleep, lounge, (Tur) and reside in the Sukkah all seven days, both in the day and in the night, in the same manner in which he resides in his house the rest of year. And all seven days a man makes his house temporary and his Sukkah permanent. How so? The fine dishes and linens, should be in the Sukkah; and drinking vessels, such as glass cups and mugs, in the Sukkah; but eating vessels after eating (Tur), such as pots and plates, outside of the Sukkah. The lantern should be in the Sukkah. And if it was a small Sukkah, he puts the lantern outside the Sukkah. Rema: And he must not use the Sukkah for disrespectful things, so that the Mitzvot not be contemptible in his eyes. (Bet Yosef in the name of the Orchot Chayyim)
ב אוֹכְלִים וְשׁוֹתִים וִישֵׁנִים בַּסֻכָּה כָּל שִׁבְעָה, בֵּין בַּיּוֹם בֵּין בַּלַּיְלָה, וְאֵין יְשֵׁנִים חוּץ לַסֻכָּה אֲפִלּוּ שְׁנַת עֲרַאי; אֲבָל מֻתָּר לֶאֱכֹל אֲכִילַת עֲרַאי חוּץ לַסֻכָּה. וְכַמָּה אֲכִילַת עֲרַאי, כַּבֵּיצָה מִפַּת; וּמֻתָּר לִשְׁתּוֹת מַיִם וְיַיִן וְלֶאֱכֹל פֵּרוֹת וַאֲפִלּוּ קָבַע עֲלַיְיהוּ (דִּבְרֵי עַצְמוֹ) חוּץ לַסֻכָּה; וּמִי שֶׁיַּחְמִיר עַל עַצְמוֹ וְלֹא יִשְׁתֶּה חוּץ לַסֻכָּה אֲפִלּוּ מַיִם, הֲרֵי זֶה מְשֻׁבָּח; וְתַבְשִׁיל הֶעָשׂוּי מֵחֲמֵשֶׁת מִינִים, אִם קוֹבֵעַ עָלָיו חָשִׁיב קֶבַע וְצָרִיךְ סֻכָּה. הַגָּה: וּמַה שֶּׁנּוֹהֲגִין לְהָקֵל עַכְשָׁו בְּשֵׁנָה, שֶׁאֵין יְשֵׁנִים בַּסֻּכָּה רַק הַמְדַקְדְּקִין בְּמִצְוֹת, יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים מִשּׁוּם צִנָּה, דְּיֵשׁ צַעַר לִישַׁן בִּמְקוֹמוֹת הַקָּרִים (מָרְדְּכַי פ' הַיָּשֵׁן); וְלִי נִרְאֶה מִשּׁוּם דְּמִצְוַת סֻכָּה אִישׁ וּבֵיתוֹ, אִישׁ וְאִשְׁתּוֹ כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא דָּר כָּל הַשָּׁנָה, וּבְמָקוֹם שֶׁלֹּא יוּכַל לִישַׁן עִם אִשְׁתּוֹ, שֶׁאֵין לוֹ סֻכָּה מְיֻחֶדֶת, פָּטוּר; וְטוֹב לְהַחְמִיר וְלִהְיוֹת שָׁם עִם אִשְׁתּוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁהוּא דָּר כָּל הַשָּׁנָה, אִם אֶפְשָׁר לִהְיוֹת לוֹ סֻכָּה מְיֻחֶדֶת.
2 We eat and drink and sleep in the Sukkah all seven days, both day and night, and we do not sleep outside of the Sukkah, even a very short sleep. But one may eat an insubstantial meal outside of the Sukkah. And how much is an insubstantial meal? Approximately an egg's worth of a loaf of bread. And it is permitted to drink water and wine and eat fruit even if he made it his meal (own opinion) outside of the Sukkah. And he who is stringent upon himself, and will not drink even water outside of the Sukkah, he is praised. And a dish made of the five species [of grain], if he makes it his meal, it considered a proper meal and requires a Sukkah. Rema: And nowadays what is practiced to be lenient in the Sukkah, such that only the scrupulously observant sleep in the Sukkah; there are those who say that it is because of the cold, for it is uncomfortable to sleep in the cold places, and it seems to me that this is because the Mitzvah of Sukkah is a man and his household, a man and his wife, and in a place where he cannot sleep with his wife, that he does not have a suitable Sukkah, he is exempt; and it is good to be stringent, and to be there with his wife, just as he resides all year, if he can have a suitable Sukkah.
ג אֲכִילָה בַּסֻכָּה בְּלֵיל יוֹם טוֹב הָרִאשׁוֹן, חוֹבָה; אֲפִלּוּ אָכַל כַּזַּיִת פַּת יָצָא יְדֵי חוֹבָה; מִכָּאן וָאֵילָךְ רְשׁוּת; רָצָה לֶאֱכֹל סְעֻדָּה, סוֹעֵד בַּסֻכָּה; רָצָה אֵינוֹ אוֹכֵל כָּל ז' אֶלָּא פֵּרוֹת וּקְלָיוֹת חוּץ לַסֻכָּה אוֹכֵל כְּדִין אֲכִילַת מַצָּה בְּפֶסַח. הַגָּה: וְלֹא יֹאכַל בַּלַּיְלָה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה עַד שֶׁיְּהֵא וַדַּאי לַיְלָה (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם א"ח), וְיֹאכַל קֹדֶם חֲצוֹת לַיְלָה (מַהֲרִי"ו וּמַהֲרִי"ל); וְלֹא יֹאכַל בַּיּוֹם מֵחֲצוֹת וָאֵילָךְ, כְּדֵי שֶׁיֹּאכַל בַּסֻּכָּה לְתֵאָבוֹן (מַהֲרִי"ל), דּוּמְיָא דַּאֲכִילַת מַצָּה.
3 Eating in the Sukkah on the first night, is obligatory. If he ate an olive sized amount of bread, he has fulfilled his obligation. Henceforth it is optional; if he wished to eat a meal, he eats in the Sukkah; if he wishes, he can eat only fruits and nuts outside of the Sukkah all seven days, like the rules of eating Matzah on Pesach. Rema: And he should not eat on the first night until it is certainly night (Bet Yosef in the name of the Orchot Chayyim), and he should eat before midnight (Mahar"i Weill and Mahari"l); and he should not eat during the day from noon and onwards, so that he will eat in the Sukkah hungrily (Mahari"l), similar to eating Matzah.
ד כָּל שִׁבְעַת הַיָּמִים קוֹרֵא וְלוֹמֵד בְּתוֹךְ הַסֻכָּה, וּכְשֶׁמֵּבִין וּמְדַקְדֵּק בְּמַה שֶּׁיִּקְרָא וְיִלְמֹד, יָכוֹל לִלְמֹד חוּץ לַסֻכָּה כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּהֵא דַּעְתּוֹ מְיֻשֶּׁבֶת עָלָיו. הַמִּתְפַּלֵּל, רָצָה מִתְפַּלֵּל בַּסֻכָּה אוֹ חוּץ לַסֻכָּה.
4 All seven days, one recites Bible [and studies] in the Sukkah. When one is [trying to] understand [deeply] and be very careful with what one is reciting [and learning, one may study] outside of the Sukkah so that one is more focused. One may pray either in the Sukkah or outside of the Sukkah.
ה יָרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים, הֲרֵי זֶה נִכְנָס לְתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת; מֵאֵימָתַי מֻתָּר לִפָּנוֹת, מִשֶּׁיֵּרְדוּ לְתוֹךְ הַסֻכָּה טִפּוֹת שֶׁאִם יִפְּלוּ לְתוֹךְ הַתַּבְשִׁיל יִפָּסֵל אֲפִלּוּ תַּבְשִׁיל שֶׁל פּוּל. הַגָּה: וַאֲפִלּוּ אֵין תַּבְשִׁיל לְפָנָיו (סְמַ"ג וְהַגָּהוֹת אֲשֵׁרִ"י). וּמִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ בָּקִי בְּזֶה הַשִּׁעוּר, יְשַׁעֵר אִם יֵרְדוּ כָּל כָּךְ גְּשָׁמִים לַבַּיִת אִם הָיָה יוֹצֵא, יֵצֵא מִסֻּכָּתוֹ גַּם כֵּן (אוֹר זָרוּעַ וְהַגָּהוֹת אֲשֵׁרִ"י פֶּרֶק הַיָּשֵׁן וּמָרְדְּכַי פ"ב מַיְמוֹנִי פ"ו וּמַהֲרִי"ל); וְכָל זֶה דַּוְקָא בִּשְׁאָר יָמִים אוֹ לֵילוֹת שֶׁל סֻכּוֹת, אֲבָל לַיְלָה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה צָרִיךְ לֶאֱכֹל כַּזַּיִת בַּסֻּכָּה אַף אִם גְּשָׁמִים יוֹרְדִין (טוּר וְרַ"ן וְהָרֹא"שׁ), וִיקַדֵּשׁ בַּסֻּכָּה (כְּדֵי) שֶׁיֹּאמַר זְמַן עַל הַסֻּכָּה (ת"ה סי' צ"ה).
5 If it rains, one may go inside his house. From when is it permitted to go inside? From when so many drops of rain descend into the sukkah that, were they to fall into a cooked dish of beans which spoils quickly if only a small amount of water is added to it, that dish would spoil. Rema: Even if he does not have a dish in front of him [Sma"g and Hagahos Ashiri]. A person who does not know how to calculate such a measure should reckon: If this same quantity of rain would come down into his house, he would leave his house, he may leave the sukkah. [Hagahos Ashiri; Mordechai; Mahari"l]. All of this applies specifically to the remaining days of the festival of Sukkot. But on the first night, one must eat an olive's worth in the sukkah even if it is raining [Tur; R"an; Rosh] and one must say Kiddush in the sukkah so he can pronounce the Zman regarding the sukkah
ו הָיָה אוֹכֵל בַּסֻכָּה וְיָרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים, וְהָלַךְ לְבֵיתוֹ וּפָסְקוּ הַגְּשָׁמִים, אֵין מְחַיְּבִין אוֹתוֹ לַחֲזֹר לַסֻכָּה עַד שֶׁיִּגְמֹר סְעוּדָתוֹ.
6 If one is eating in the Sukkah and it starts raining and he goes into his house and then the rain stops, he is not obligated to return to the sukkah until he finishes his meal.
ז הָיָה יָשֵׁן וְיָרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים בַּלַּיְלָה וְנִכְנַס לְתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, וּפָסְקוּ הַגְּשָׁמִים, אֵין מַטְרִיחִין אוֹתוֹ לַחֲזֹר לַסֻכָּה כָּל אוֹתוֹ הַלַּיְלָה, אֶלָּא יָשֵׁן בְּבֵיתוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה עַמּוּד הַשַּׁחַר. הַגָּה: וְיֵעוֹר מִשְּׁנָתוֹ (טוּר). מִי שֶׁהוּא יָשֵׁן בַּסֻּכָּה וְיָרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים, אֵין צָרִיךְ לְשַׁעֵר בִּכְדֵי שֶׁיִּתְקַלְקֵל הַתַּבְשִׁיל, דְּבִגְשָׁמִים מוּעָטִים הָוֵי צַעַר לִישַׁן שָׁם וְיוּכַל לָצֵאת (מהרי"ו); וְכָל הַפָּטוּר מִן הַסֻּכָּה וְאֵינוֹ יוֹצֵא מִשָּׁם, אֵינוֹ מְקַבֵּל עָלָיו שָׂכָר וְאֵינוֹ אֶלָּא הֶדְיוֹטוֹת (הגה"מ פ"ו); וּכְשֶׁיּוֹצֵא מִן הַסֻּכָּה מִכֹּחַ הַגְּשָׁמִים, אַל יִבְעַט וְיֵצֵא, אֶלָּא יֵצֵא כְּנִכְנָע כְּעֶבֶד שֶׁמּוֹזֵג כּוֹס לְרַבּוֹ וּשְׁפָכוֹ עַל פָּנָיו. (מַהֲרִי"ל).
7 If one is sleeping and it begins to rain at night, and one enters his house and the rain then stops, we do not bother him to return to the sukkah for the rest of that night. Rather, he should sleep in his house until dawn. Rema: and then he wakes from his sleep (Tur). One who sleeps in the sukkah and it starts to rain does not have to wait the time that it takes for the dish to spoil, because even sleeping in light rain is unpleasant and he is allowed to leave. [Mahari"v] Whenever one is exempt from [the mitzvah] of sukkah, but does not leave the sukkah, he is not rewarded for dwelling there [at that time]. Instead, he is considered a commoner [Hagahos Maimoni]. When one leaves the sukkah because of rain, he should not leave brazenly, but submissively, like a servant who came to pour a drink for his master, and his master poured it out on his face, (as if to say, “I do not desire your service). (Mahari"l).
ח נָהֲגוּ שֶׁאֵין מְבָרְכִים עַל הַסֻכָּה אֶלָּא בִּשְׁעַת אֲכִילָה וְהָכֵי נָהוּג.
8 We are accustomed to only bless on the sukkah at the time of eating. (And this is how we [Ashkenazim] are accustomed.)