Shulchan Aruch, Choshen Mishpat Siman 14

Siman 14

Presented here for study, not as a practical ruling. The Shulchan Aruch rules by Sephardi custom, the Rema's glosses by Ashkenazi custom, and the Kitzur follows Ashkenazi custom. For a practical question, ask your rabbi.

א אם אחד מבעלי דינין אומר נלך לבית דין הגדול ודין האומר מאיזה טעם דנתוני. ובו ח סעיפים: שנים שנתעצמו בדין זה אומר נידון כאן וזה אומר נעלה לב"ד הגדול כופין אותו ודן בעירו ואם אמר כתבו ותנו לי מאיזה טעם דנתוני שמא טעיתם כותבים ונותנים לו ואח"כ מוציאים ממנו ואם הוצרך לשאול דבר מב"ד הגדול כותבים ושולחים ושואלים ודנין להם בעירם כפי מה שיבא בכתב ב"ד הגדול ושני בעלי דינים יפרעו שכר השליח: הגה מיהו אם א' מבעלי הדינים או הדייני' רוצה לשלוח למרחקים ויש חכם סמוך להם הראוי לדון שולחים לסמוך אע"פ שהרחוק יותר חכם דלאו כל כמיניה לגרום הפסד לבעל דין להרבות שכר השליחות וכ"ש אם חכם אחר בעירן הראוי לדון (מרדכי ס"פ זה בורר) ואם שני חכמי' סמוכי' בשוה הולכין אחר הגדול (נ"י ר"פ זה בורר) במה דברים אמורי' בשאר הדינים שזה טוען וזה טוען או כשאמר המלוה נידון כאן והלוה אומר נלך לב"ד הגדול אבל אם אמר המלוה נלך לב"ד הגדול כופין את הלוה ועולה עמו וכן אם טען זה שהזיקו או גזלו ורצה הטוען לעלות כופין ב"ד שבעירו את הנטען לעלות עמו וכן כל כיוצא בזה בד"א כשהיו עדים או ראיה לנגזל או לניזק או למלוה אבל טענה רקנית אין מחייבין את הנטען לצאת כלל אלא נשבע במקומ' ונפטר וכן הדין בזמן הזה שאין שם ב"ד הגדול (וי"א דב"ד חשוב שבכל דור ודור לפי מה שהוא מקרי ב"ד הגדול) (טור) אבל (אם) יש מקומות (באותה מדינה) שיש בהם חכמים גדולים מומחים לרבים ומקומות שיש בהם תלמידים שאינם כמותם אם אמר המלוה נלך למקום פלוני שבארץ פלוני לפלוני ופלוני הגדול ונדון לפניו כופין את הלוה והולך עמו: הגה אם יש (לתובע) עדים או ראיה ונראה לב"ד שבעירו שיש ממש בטענותיו אבל בלא"ה אין כופין אותו לילך עמו (טור) וי"א דלטענות נלך לב"ד הגדול אין חילוק בין תובע לנתבע וכל א' יכול לכוף חבירו לילך עמו (טור בשם ר"ת) וכל זה מדינא אבל כבר נהגו בזמן הזה שכ"ז שיש ב"ד בעיר אין א' יכול לכוף חבירו שילך עמו לב"ד אחר (מהרי"ק שורש כ"א) כי אין לנו עכשיו ב"ד הגדול או בית הועד ולכן לא יוכל לדחותו אבל יכול לדחותו שלא לדון עמו עד יום שלישי ומיד יבררו דיינים אבל אכסנאי שתובע לבני העיר או ב' אכסנאים צריך לדון עמו מיד ולא יוכל לדחותו (מרדכי בשם מהר"ש) וכן בן העיר שתובע לאכסנאי בכ"מ שימצאנו ויש שם ב"ד מכריחו שם לדין (מהרי"ק שורש י"ד) וכל זה כשיש ב"ד בעירן אבל אם אין ב"ד שם כל א' יוכל להכריח חבירו שילך עמו לב"ד לדון עמו (מרדכי ס"פ זה בורר ופסקי מהרא"י סי' ס"ה) התובע צריך לילך אחר הנתבע אם הוא בעיר אחרת אף ע"פ שבעיר התובע הב"ד יותר גדול (מהרי"ק שורש א') ואפי' היה לנתבע מעות בפקדון (בעיר התובע) או [בעיר] אחרת אא"כ יכול לעכב מעותיו בעירו אז צריך להודיע לנתבע ואז צריך לדון במקום שמעותיו שם (ת"ה סי' ש"ה ופסקיו סי' ס"ב) וע"ל סי' ע"ג כתבתי אימת יכול לעכב מעותיו. אב שיש לו תביעה על בנו צריך לילך הבן אע"פ שהוא הנתבע אחר אביו כמו שנתבאר (בי"ד סי' ר"מ) עשיר מוחזק ואלם בעירו מוציאין אותו לדור בעיר אחרת אע"פ שהב"ד שבעירו יותר גדול (ב"ז סי' תי"ח):
1 If both parties to a lawsuit are stubborn, one saying, 'Let us go to law here,' and the other saying, 'Let us go to the Supreme Court of Law,' they compel him and he attends the Court in his home town. And if he stated, 'Write down the reasons for your verdict and give [them] to me, for you may have erred,' — they write [them] down and give [them] to him and afterwards they exact payment from him [in accordance with their verdict]. If it was necessary to consult the Supreme Court of Law, they set down [their inquiry] in writing and send it on and seek advice [from them], and they [the inquiring Court of Law] try them [the litigants] in their own town according to the [ruling contained] in the document of the Supreme Court of Law, and both litigants pay the messenger's fee. Rema: However, if one of the litigants or the Judges desires to send [ the inquiry ] to a distant country while there is a scholar close by them who is worthy to try the case, — [ then ] they send [ the inquiry ] to the one close by, although the one who is at a distance is a greater scholar, for he [ the litigant ] has no authority to be the cause of a loss to his [ fellow -] litigant, [ viz.,] to increase the fee for the message [ dispatched ], and so much the more if there is another scholar in their town who is worthy to adjudicate [ the case ]. If two Scholars are close by at an equal [ distance ], we accept as authority the greater one. When does this apply? — In connection with other laws, [viz.,] where one [litigant] is a claimant and the other [litigant] is [also] a claimant, or where the creditor says, 'Let us attend Court here,' and the debtor says, 'Let us go to the Supreme Court of Law;' but if the creditor said, 'Let us go to the Supreme Court of Law,' — they compel the debtor and he goes up with him [the creditor]. Likewise, if one party claimed that one injured or robbed him and the claimant wishes to go up [and have the case tried by the Supreme Court of Law], [then] the Court of Law that is in his town compels the defendant to go up with him, and so too, in all analogous cases. [Furthermore,] when does this apply? — When the one robbed or the one who was injured or the creditor produce witnesses or proof [to substantiate their claim], but [where the claimant puts forth] an unfounded claim, we do not require the defendant to leave at all save that he takes an oath and is free [from payment]. So too, is the law nowadays when no Supreme Court of Law exists there. Some say that an eminent Court of Law in every generation according to whatever standing it may have, is regarded as the Supreme Court of Law. However, if there are localities in that province wherein there are distinguished Scholars recognized as authorities by the public, and [there are also] localities wherein there are disciples who are not [as distinguished] as they, — [then] if the creditor stated, 'Let us go to a certain locality in a certain country to So-and-so, the distinguished personage, and attend Court before him, — [the law is that] we may compel the debtor [to submit to the creditor's demand] and he goes with him. Rema: [ Provided ] if the claimant produces witnesses or proof [ to substantiate his claim ] or it appears to the Court in his home town that there is substance in his claims, but otherwise he [ the defendant ] is not compelled to go with him. And some say that [ with respect to ] claims put forth [ by contesting parties ], [ viz., ] 'Let us attend the Supreme Court of Law,' there is no difference between a claimant and a defendant, and [ the law is that ] each one [ of the litigants ] can compel his fellow [- litigant ] to go with him. All this is [ applicable ] from the legal point of view, but nowadays it is already the adopted custom that as long as there is a Court of Law in town, one [ litigant ] cannot compel his fellow [- litigant ] to go with him to another Court of Law, for now we have no Supreme Court of Law or House of Assembly. Therefore, [ the defendant ] cannot put him off; but he [ the defendant ] can put him off, [ i.e., ] not to attend Court with him [ the claimant ] until the third day. However, they choose the Judges forthwith. But a [ transient ] lodger who makes a claim against the townspeople, or two [ transient ] lodgers [ who sue each other, — the law is that ] one must attend Court with him forthwith and one cannot put him off. Likewise, a townsman who makes a claim against a [ transient ] lodger, — [ the law is that ] wherever he finds him and there is a Court of Law there, he [ the townsman ] may force him [ the lodger ] to attend Court in that place. All this is [ applicable ] when there is a Court of Law [ available ] in their home town, but if there is no Court of Law [ available ] there, each one [ of the litigants ] can force his fellow [- litigant ] to go with him to a Court of Law to be tried with him. The claimant must go after the defendant if the latter is in another city, although in the claimant's home town the Court of Law is more eminent, and even [ if ] the defendant had money in [ the form of a ] bailment in the claimant's home town or in another town, unless he [ the claimant ] can retain his [ the defendant's ] money in his home town, [ and if so,] it is then necessary to inform the defendant thereof and consequently, he [ the defendant ] must attend Court in the locality wherein his money [ is found ]., infra § 73 [ wherein ] I wrote when [ it is possible that ] he [ the claimant ] can retain his [ the defendant's ] money. A father [ or mother ] who has a claim against his [ or her ] son, [ the law is that ] the son, although he is the defendant, must go after his father [ or mother ] as has been explained. A wealthy individual who is known as a stern person in his home town, is taken out to be tried in another city, although the Court of Law in his home town is more eminent.
ב אם הא' ת"ח ויודע לכתוב ראיותיו ושכנגדו עם הארץ אין לת"ח לכתוב בעצמו כששולחים ב"ד לשאול מב"ד הגדול אלא הדיינים יעתיקו אותם (ושניהם פורעים שכר הסופר (ריב"ש סי' תע"ה):
2 If one [of the litigants] is a scholar and knows how to set down his evidence in writing and his opponent is an illiterate person, — [the law is that] the scholar should not write himself when they send on [the case] to seek advice from the Supreme Court of Law, but the Judges should make a copy of them [the arguments]. And both [ litigants ] pay the scribe's fee.
ג י"א שאם יש שני ת"ח בעיר אחת האחד גדול מחבירו יכול א' מבעלי דינים לומר לא אדון בפני זה אלא בפני זה ואע"פ שהוא קטן ממנו כיון ששניהם בעיר אחת: הגה ואם א' סילק עצמו מן הדין כמאן דליתא דמי ואם הזמינו השני ולא בא מנדה אותו (מהרי"ק שורש י"א] וכל מקום שאינו צריך לבוא לפניו לדון א"צ לחוש כלל להזמנתו וא"צ לבוא כלל (ב"י סי' י"א בשם התרומות):
3 Some say that if there are two scholars [who reside] in the same city, one being more distinguished than his colleague, — [the law is that any] one of the litigants can say, 'I will not stand trial before his [scholar] but rather before that [scholar],' and [this holds good] even if he [the scholar before whom the litigant wishes to be tried] is less distinguished than he [the other scholar], since both [scholars] are in the same city. Rema: And if one [ of the scholars ] withdrew himself from the lawsuit, he is regarded as non-existent, and if the second [ scholar ] summoned him [ the other litigant ] and he does not appear [ for trial ], he pronounces the ban against him. Wherever he [ the litigant ] is [ legally ] not required to appear before him [ the Judge ] to stand trial, he does not have to heed his summons and is not obliged to appear at all.
ד י"א שאם רואה הדיין שבעל דין חושדו שנוטה הדין כנגדו צריך להודיעו מאיזה טעם דנו אפי' אם לא שאל: הגה וכ"ש אם אומר כתבו לי מאיזה טעם דנתוני (טור) מיהו י"א דוקא אם דנו אותו ע"י כפייה אבל בלא"ה אין כותבין וכן עיקר (מרדכי נ"י פרק זה בורר ותוס' ור"ן פ' איזהו נשך) וכשצריכים לכתוב לו מאיזה טעם דנוהו אין קביעות זמן לדבר אלא כל זמן שבא לכתוב לו כותבין ונותנין לו (מרדכי ס"פ זה בורר) וא"צ לכתוב לו הטעמים והראיות רק כותבין להם הטענות והפסק דין (נ"י שם) וצריך לשלם מיד ואם יסתור הדין יחזרו לו (מרדכי פרק חזקת הבתים והגהות מיימוני פ"ו דסנהדרין ומהרי"ק שורש א' וב"י בשם הרמ"ה) וא"צ לכתוב לו אלא מב"ד קטן לב"ד גדול אבל ב"ד גדול שדנו א"צ לכתוב לו דלא חיישינן לטעותא דא"כ אין לדבר סוף (ב"י שכ"נ מדברי הרמב"ם):
4 Some say that if the Judge sees that a litigant entertains a suspicion against him, [viz.,] that he [the Judge] turns the verdict against him [the litigant], he is required to inform him the grounds on which he made his decision, even if he [the litigant] did not ask for [this]. Rema: And so much the more if he [ the litigant ] said: 'Write down the grounds on which you made your decision [ and give them to me ].' However, some say [ that this is applicable ] only if they tried him by using means of coercion [ for him to appear in Court ], but otherwise, they do not write down [ the grounds of their verdict ], and thus is the fundamental principle. When they are required to write down for him the grounds on which they made their decision, there is no fixed time for this matter, but whenever he [ the litigant ] comes [ and requests the Court ] to write down for him [ the grounds of their verdict ], they write [ them ] down and give [ them ] to him. It is not necessary to write down for him the reasons and the proof [ which led to their decision ], [ but ] only the pleas [ of the litigants ] and the verdict [ of the Judges ] are recorded for them [ the litigants ]. [ The guilty party ] is required to make payment forthwith and if [ he subsequently produces proof ] to reverse the verdict, they return to him [ whatever they exacted from him ]. They are required to write down for him [ the grounds of their verdict ] only [ if this information is requested ] of a minor Court [ and is being sent for reconsideration ] to a Higher Court, but where a Higher Court tried a case, it is not necessary to write [ this ] down for him because we do not apprehend any error [ in the verdict ], for if so, there is no end to the matter.
ה המתחייב בדין אינו חייב לשלם לשכנגדו יציאותיו אע"פ שהזקיקו לדון בעיר אחרת וה"מ דלא מסרב למיקם בדינא אלא שרוצה לדון בעיר אחרת אבל אם היה מסרב לבא לב"ד והוצרך התובע להוציא הוצאות לכופו לירד לדין חייב לפרוע לו כל הוצאותיו (שהוציא משעה שנעשה סרבן) (מהרי"ק שורש א' תמ"ד ונ"י פ' הגוזל בתרא ומהר"יו תשובת הרא"ש כלל ק"ח וע"ג סי' ב') ויש מי שאומר שאם תבעו בערכאות והוציא הוצאות בדיינים וטוענים אע"פ שמתוך סרובו הוצרך להוליכו בערכאות אין חייב לשלם הוצאותיו: הגה ויש חולקין וס"ל דאם הוצרך להוציא עליו הוצאות לכופו ע"י ערכאות של עכו"ם חייב לשלם לו (תשובת הרא"ש כלל ע"ג סי' ב') וכן נ"ל עיקר ובלבד שעשאו ברשות ב"ד כדלקמן סי' כ"ו מי שאומר לחבירו שילכו לדון במקום אחר ואמר לו לך ואני אבא אחריך והלך והשני לא הלך אחריו צריך לשלם לזה שהלך כל יציאותיו (מרדכי ס"פ זה בורר) כשהסרבן צריך לשלם ההוצאות אין אומרים שישבע כמה הוציא ויטול אלא צריך לברר כמה הוציא או הב"ד ישומו לו הוצאותיו וכזה ישלם לו (תשובת הרא"ש כלל ק"ז):
5 One who is found guilty by law is legally not bound to compensate his opponent for the expenditure he incurred although he compelled him to be tried in another city. This, however, is the case only where he [the defendant] does not refuse to stand in judgment, only that he desires to be tried in another city; but if he [the defendant] refused to come to the Court of Law and the claimant was obliged to incur expenditure [in order] to compel him to go down to Court, he [the defendant] is legally bound to pay him [the claimant] all his expenses which he incurred from the moment he becomes a refuser. There is an authority who states that if he summoned him through the civil courts and incurred [thereby] expenditure by [engaging] Judges and pleaders, [then the law is that] although on account of his [the defendant's] refusal [to appear] he [the claimant] was obliged to take him [to law] through the [heathen] civil courts, [nevertheless] he [the defendant] is legally not bound to pay his [the claimant's] expenses. Rema: Some differ [ with this ruling ] and are of the opinion that if he [ the claimant ] was obliged to incur expenditure on account of him, [ viz.,] to compel him [ to appear for trial ] through heathen civil courts, he [ the defendant ] is legally bound to compensate him, and thus seems to me to be the fundamental principle provided that he [ the claimant ] executed this with the permission of the [ Jewish ] Court of Law as stated infra § 26. One who says to his fellow [- litigant ] that they should go and be tried in another locality and the latter said to him, 'Go, and I will come after you,' and [ then ] he departed, but the other one [ who promised to come after him ] did not follow him, — [ the law is that ] he must pay the one who went [ there ] all his expenses. When the one who refuses [ to go to law ] is required to pay the expenses, we do not say that [ the claimant ] should take an oath as to how much he has spent, but he must verify how much expenditure he has incurred [ and receive compensation ], or the Court of Law assess for him his expenditure and in accordance with this [ assessment ] he [ the defendant ] compensates him.
ו חייבוהו ב"ד לפרוע ויצא וחזר ואמר פרעתי אם הוא נאמן יתבאר בסימן ע"ט:
6 [If] the Court of Law sentenced him to make payment and he left and [subsequently] returned and stated, 'I have paid,' — [the law] whether he is believed will be explained [infra] in § 79.
ז אם בא הזוכה בדין לב"ד ותובע שיכתבו לו פסק דין אם כותבין ונותנין לו גם זה שם:
7 If one who triumphs in a lawsuit comes to the Court of Law and demands that they write down for him the verdict, — [the law] whether we write [the verdict] down and give [it] to him is also [explained] ibid.
ח יש בידו פסק דין שחבירו חייב לו אם הלה נאמן לומר פרעתי בסימן ל"ט סעיף י':
8 [If] one has in his possession [a document containing a] legal decision that his fellow owes him [aught], — [the law] whether the latter is believed to state, 'I have paid,' [will be explained infra] in § 39, par. 10.